Health Statistics and Epidemiology Flashcards
the science which deals with the
study of the human population’s size,
composition.
Demography
refers to the number of people in a
given place or area at a given time.
Population size
Demography information can be obtained from
Census
Sample surveys
Registration systems
an official and periodic enumeration of
population.
CENSUS
method is done when people are
assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of census
de jure
method is used, the people are
assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of the census regardless of their usual place of residence
de facto
demographic information can
still be collected from a sample of a given
population
Sample survey
such that collected by the
civil registrar’s office deal with recording of vital events in the community
Registration system
refer to births, deaths, marriage,
divorces.
Vital events
Methods of measuring the population size:
NATURAL INCREASE
RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
ABSOLUTE INCREASE
RELATIVE INCREASE
the difference between the Crude birth Rate and the Crude Death Rate occurring in a population in a specified period of time
RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
simply the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time.
NATURAL INCREASE
measures the number of people that are added to the population per year
ABSOLUTE INCREASE
the actual difference between the two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier census.
RELATIVE INCREASE
It is commonly described in terms of its age and sex
POPULATION COMPOSITION
Population composition is composed of?
Sex
Age
Sex and Age
2 ways to describe the age composition
Median age
Dependency ratio
It compares the number of economically dependent people with the economically productive group in the population.
Dependency ratio
The age and sex composition of the
population can be described at the same
time using a ________
Population pyramid
Population Distribution is composed of:
Urban Rural distribution
Crowning index
Population density
illustrates the proportion of the people living in urban areas compared to the rural areas.
Urban-rural distribution
will describe the ease by which
a communicable disease will be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host.
Crowding index
determines how congested a place is
Population density
a tool in estimating the extent or magnitude of health needs and problems in the community.
Vital Statistics
Common Vital Statistics indicators:
Crude birth rate
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Specific Mortality rate
a measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population.
Crude Birth Rate
measure the risk of dying during the 1st year of life.
Infant Mortality Rate
measure the risk of dying from car related to pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium.
Maternal Mortality Rate
describes more accurately the risk of exposure of certain classes or groups to particular disease
Specific Mortality Rate
the study of the distribution and determinants of health – related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
EPIDEMIOLOGY
refers to the number of health
events, such as the number of cases of
pneumonia or diabetes in a population.
Frequency
refers to the occurrence of health condition or disease by time, place and person.
Pattern
are used to study both communicable and none communicable diseases, and other health-related states or events
Epidemiologic methods
period between exposure and infection
Latent Period
the period between exposure and onset or clinical symptoms.
Incubation Period
The host may become infectious (i.e. able to transmit the pathogen to other hosts) at any moment of the infection (depending on the pathogen).
Infectious Period
It is the traditional model for infectious communicable diseases.
The epidemiologic triad or triangle
refers to infectious microorganism or
pathogens
Agent
refers to a disease that occurs
infrequently and irregularly.
Sporadic
refers to the constant presence and/or
usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
Endemic
refers to persistent, high levels of
disease occurrence.
Hyperendemic
refers to an increase, often sudden, in
the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
Epidemic
carries the same definition of
epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
Outbreak
an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known
Cluster
an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
Pandemic
