Health revision Flashcards
What are the cognitive determinants of behaviour?
Awareness
Knowledge
Attitudes
Beliefs
State 2 studies that look at awareness to increase health behaviour
Appleton (2010): telephone study of 1,000 people over the age of 65 from Northern Ireland.
It was found that low consumption was associated with low awareness of current recommendations, low willingness to change and other demographic variables.
Ashfield-Watt (2006): 2 surveys investigating the value of how well the 5-a-day campaign works in households in New Zealand.
It was found that high awareness of a need to consume more fruits and vegetables, with higher intentions to eat more fruit and vegetables after seeing the campaign.
State 2 studies that look at knowledge to increase health behaviour
Gibson (1998): Assessed knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on diet and diet-disease relationships.
- Found that children’s fruit intake was predicted by mother’s fruit intake, mother’s nutritional knowledge and mother’s attitudes towards fruit intake
- Similar findings for vegetables and confectionary
Eboh (2006): used a nutritional education programme on children for 3 weeks, 4 days a week containing 40 minute sessions.
- Found that children who received this education had showed significant changes when meeting dietary recommendations/guidelines compared to the control group who hadn’t gone through this programme
State a study which looks at attitudes/beliefs to increase health behaviour
Hearty (2007): measured this factor towards healthy eating in 1,300 men and women
- Positive attitudes towards healthy eating were associated with healthier diets
Positive attitudes towards healthy eating were associated with increasing age, higher social class, better education, not smoking and low BMI
What does the Health Belief model suggest and who formed it?
Rosenstock (1963)
Behaviour is seen as a result of core beliefs, including the perceptions of susceptibility to illness, severity of illness, costs and benefits of carrying out a behaviour. All of these factors predict the likeliness of a behaviour occuring.
State 2 studies which use the Health Belief model
Wright (2012): found that condom-assertive individuals have more faith in the effectiveness of condoms and also believe that they are more susceptible to STIs - supporting the model
Zamani (2008) used an intervention eduction programme based on the HBM to show children the diseases associated with unhealthy nutrition. This aimed to increase students’ perceptions, susceptibility and severity of illness
- Students who experienced education showed significant improvements in junk food consumption
What is the Theory of Reasoned Action and who formed it?
Fishbein (1967)
Assumes that actions arise from reasoned choices - our behaviour is a function of behaviour intentions, meaning that attitudes predict intentions
State 2 studies which use the Theory of Reasoned Action
Richardson (1993): attitudes positively correlated with reduced red meat consumption and future consumption
McCarthy (2004): for poultry consumption, 74% of variance of the behaviour intention was predicted by intention, with 15% being predicted by subjective norms. Compared to pork consumption (64% vs 11%)
What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour and who formed it?
Azjen (1985)
An extension of TRA, but it includes perceived behavioural control
State 2 studies which look at TPB
Astrom & Rice (2001): Intentions to eat fruit and vegetables were predicted by all 3 factors (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control)
Bogers (2004): same as above
State a study which contradicts TRA and TPB
Connor & Armitage (2005): shows that there are added factors which can predict behaviours e.g. past habits/behaviours, moral norms and self-identity
What is the Transtheoretical model and who formed it?
Prochaska & Diclemente (1982)
Pre-Contemplation: no awareness of problem who no intention of changing
Contemplation: firm intention to change the behaviour
Action: changing the behaviour to overcome the present problem
Maintenance: being sustainable to prevent relapse
Relapse: regression back to earlier stages
State a study which looks at the Transtheoretical model
DiClemente (1991): studied 1,446 US smokers, following them for 1 month and 6 month periods after completing measures on stress, nicotine tolerance, stage of change
- Found that those in preparation stage smoked less and were less addicted, with higher self-efficacy compared to those in action
What is the COM-B model and who formed it?
Michie (2011)
‘Capability, Opportunity, Motivation’ all have an impact on behaviour.
In order to change behaviour, one or more of these factors must be altered.
State research to back the COM-B model
Lister (2014): gamification in health and fitness apps is associated with composite motivational behaviour scores - however no findings for capability and opportunity
What are interventions in health psychology?
They aim to increase healthy behaviours/decrease unhealthy behaviours.
They can be simple, complex, population-wide or specific to individuals.
State 3 studies using interventions to ban/defer unhealthy behaviour
Gomel (1993) used a workplace ban to reduce smoking at work, but there was no change to smoking behaviour
Trumbo & Kim (2015) found that positive reactions to e-cigarette adverts increased intentions to smoke - advertising needs to focus on quitting
Wagenar (2015) found that increasing taxes on alcohol resulted in reductions of road accidents by 26% (28 months after tax)
State 2 studies using cognitive models to create interventions
LaBrosse (2013): HBM
Used this to increase knowledge and consumption of folate-rich foods, using 30 minute lessons, followed by podcasts
Di Noia (2008): Transtheoretical 3 week programme, 4 days a week, 40 minutes
What is the difference between complex and theory-based interventions?
Complex interventions aim to do more than increase awareness and knowledge, they aim to aid a variety of cognitions
Theory-based are the same, but based only on specific elements of socio-cognitive models.
State 3 studies which shows that fruit and vegetable intake improves health against disease
Mazzano (2002) found that fruit and vegetable intake is negatively correlated with CVD
Riboli (2013) found that intake is negatively associated with mouth, lung and stomach cancer
Harding (2000) intake is negatively associated with diabetes
State 2 studies which show that fruit and vegetable intake improves wellbeing
Gibson (2012) shows that it improves immune function of the body
Tanumihardio (2009) shows that it aids weight maintenance
