Health related behaviours, beliefs and attitudes Flashcards
What are the different types of avoidable mortality?
Avoidable mortality – deaths defined as either preventable or treatable
Preventable mortality – deaths that can be mainly avoided through effective public health and primary prevention interventions
Treatable mortality – deaths that can be mainly avoided through timely and effective healthcare interventions, including secondary prevention and treatment
Does our behaviour affect outcomes?
Behavioural factors account for around 50% of premature deaths from the 10 leading causes of mortality (Gruman & Follick, 1998)
Approximately 40% of all cancers are related to behaviour (CRUK 2014)
80% of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes could be avoided if lifestyle risk factors were appropriately managed (WHO, 2005)
What is Health behaviour?
Health behaviours, are actions taken by individuals that affect health or mortality.
These actions may be intentional or unintentional, and can promote or detract from the health of the person or others.
What the types of Health behaviours? And how can they be organised?
Health behaviours can be either
Enhancing
Compromising
organise behaviours according to whether they are
* Risky
(e.g. excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, unsafe sex)
* Promoting/ protective
(e.g. healthy diet and exercise, practicing safe sex)
* Illness related
(e.g. adherence to treatment, appointment attendance)
What are Determinants of Health Behaviour?
- Social Factors
- Reinforcement value
- Symptoms
- Emotional factors
- Cognitive factors (beliefs,attuides)
How can operant conditioning and reinforcement value have an impact on health behaviour?
- Risky health behaviours have immediate positive reinforcement (e.g. pleasure, accepted by peers) and started at a time when healthy (e.g. no immediate impact/punishment) on health.
What are the social factors impact to health behaviour?
HOME
Observational learning (e.g. toothcare)
Modelling of positive and negative behaviours
CULTURE & LEGISLATION
Taxation (e.g. smoking)
Criminalisation (e.g. drugs)
PEER
Social pressure
How are Symptoms a factor to health behaviour?
- Some health behaviours have a physiological response (smoking, drinking, eating) - which can positively reinforce and sustain the behaviour.
- May also act as a negative reinforcer
Cold turkey; therefore sustain behaviour to prevent the side effects - Can act as cues/triggers for behaviour change
A cough as cue for smoking cessation
Breathlessness trigger increase in exercise
Symptoms can also relate to adherence to medicines (a health/illness behaviour)
How can emotions have an impact on health behaviour?
Negative
* Smoking/drinking/overeating to “self-sooth”
* Fear – avoidance patterns (e.g. dentist, flu jab)
Above are examples of ineffective emotion focused coping
Positive
Exercise in response to stress
How can Cognitions/beliefs have an impact on health behaviour?
What are the two models?
Beliefs and perceptions about behaviour determine motivation to act
Two core cognitive theories that explain promoting/preventative behaviour include:
- Health Belief Model
- Theory of Planned Behaviour
Health Belief model
Explore patients’ perceived:
* Susceptibility
* Severity
* Benefits
* Barriers
* Cues
Theory of Planned Behaviour model
Theory of Planned Behaviour model effectivity and probability to intention?
high probility
TPB is less successful at predicting actual behaviour (c 34%).
Why is the intention-behaviour gap?
Automatic habit – past behaviour dominating
Emotion – low mood/anxiety associated with decreased health behaviour
COM-B theoretical framework model
Capability
* Perceived susceptibility/severity (HBM)
* Benefits/Barriers/Outcome Expectancies (HBM & TPB)
* Perceived Behavioural Control (TPB)
Motivation
* Voluntary (conscious rational decision making)
* Involuntary (habits, emotions, impulse Implementation Intention/Action Plan (TPM)
Opportunity
* Factors outside the control of the individual (e.g. social environments)
* Social norms (TPB)
