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Health Psychology > Health Psychology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Health Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Approach to Stress

A

Our body’s physiological systems react to stress.

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2
Q

Psychological Influence on Stress

A

How we appraise or think about stressful events can impact how stressed we feel, as well as how that stress impacts our health.

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3
Q

Sociocultural Factors for Stress

A

Sociocultural factors can impact the types of stressor we are exposed to, how we appraise them, and ultimately how they affect us.

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4
Q

Stress Appraisal

A

How you interpret a stressor

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5
Q

Are stressors usually psychological or physical?

A

Psychological

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6
Q

Challenge Appraisal

A

challenge appraisals are associated with beneficial stress responses

Will challenge our resources but we think we are well prepared and can handle it

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7
Q

Threat Appraisal

A

Appraisals are associated with maladaptive or harmful stress responses

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8
Q

Holmes and Rah Life Change Units (LCUs) and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A

Major life events that draw on our resources can leave ourselves vulnerable to illness

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9
Q

Limitations of LCUs and SRRs

A

Doesn’t account for individual differences in how stressors are appraised

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10
Q

What are arguably more important for mental health (daily uplifts or daily stressors)?

A

Daily Uplifts

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11
Q

Which of these is the strongest predictor of health problems: significant life events, frequency of daily uplifts, and persistent hassles?

A

persistent hassles

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12
Q

3 Features of Stressors

A

Controllability
Predictability
Persistence

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13
Q

ACEs

A

Exposure to early life stress and childhood trauma can have adverse consequences on health decades later

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14
Q

What percentage of emerging adults more yearly

A

more than 30%

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15
Q

What is the avg amount of jobs ppl have in their twenties?

A

7

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16
Q

What percent of emerging adults report not making as much progress in their careers as they had hoped

A

70%

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17
Q

What percent of emerging adults move back in with their parents

A

40%

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18
Q

What percent of young adults spend time living with a romantic partner?

A

66%

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19
Q

Role Overload

A

Juggling multiple roles simultaneously (e.g., working parents)

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20
Q

Scarcity Hypothesis

A

Because of limited time and energy, competing demands of work and family will lead to role overload and role conflict (e.g., for working parents), and thus will have a negative impact on health.

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21
Q

Enhancement hypothesis

A

The benefits of meaningful work (e.g., for self-esteem, sense of purpose) outweigh the costs, and thus working parents will experience health benefits.

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22
Q

When do workers feel the most stress

A

When they have little or no control over the procedures, pace, and other aspects of their jobs

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23
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The expedience of stress in a situation in which a person’s ability, appearance, or other characteristic has the potential to confirm a negative viewpoint about their social group

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24
Q

Role Conflict or Ambiguity

A

unclear or mixed messages about your work responsibilities or how you will be evaluated

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25
Q

How do our bodies physically react to stress?

A

Increased heart rate
Dilated pupils
Stress hormones released
Digestion slows
Increased blood flow to the muscles
Stored energy converted to a form that is directly usable by muscles

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26
Q

Function of The Nervous System

A

The cells of the nervous system are the body’s primary communication system

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27
Q

What is the fast acting endocrine system

A

Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary (SAM) Axis
Sympathetic nervous system activates adrenal stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Fight or flight

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28
Q

What is the slow acting endocrine system

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) axis
The body’s delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex
Returns to homeostasis

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29
Q

How does stress make you sick?

A

Short-term stressors can trigger up-regulation of immune function

Long-term, chronic stressors can have damaging effects by suppressing immunity and increasing inflammation

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30
Q

What does chronic inflammation lead to?

A

Coronory Artery

31
Q

Married Couples Study

A

Took a tiny bit of skin off and then had half of the couples argue, and they found that the arguing couples took longer to heal

32
Q

Hernia Study

A

Those who had higher levels of stress took longer to heal after a hernia study

33
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

Subfield of health psychology that emphasizes the interaction of psychological (psycho), neuroendocrine (neuro), and immunological processes in stress and illness

33
Q

What happens during an immune response?

A

A type of white blood cell called lymphocytes expands causing swelling and inflammation (you may have noticed swollen lymph nodes when you are sick)

34
Q

Direct Effect Hypothesis

A

Immunosuppression part of body’s natural response to stress
HPA and SAM axes activate release of stress hormones
Stress hormones bind to receptors on T cells, B cells, lymphocytes

35
Q

Indirect Effect Hypothesis

A

Stress may encourage maladaptive behaviors that disrupt immune functioning
Substance use, poor sleep, exercise, and nutrition

36
Q

Allostatic Load

A

Cumulative long-term effects of the body’s physiological response to stress

Decreased immunity
Increased abdominal fat
Decreased hippocampal size and function
Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines

37
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

In response to stress, the body enters an alarm phase during which resistance to stress is temporarily suppressed while coping resources are mobilized. Then, it rebounds in a phase of increased resistance to stress as the individual copes with the stressor. This resistance can only last so long and in response to prolonged stressors, the body enters into a third phase of exhaustion. Coping resources are depleted and individuals become more vulnerable to health problems.

38
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

Individual’s susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by two interacting factors:

Predisposing Factors (in the person)
Precipitating Factors (from the environment)

39
Q

Coping Definition

A

The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional ways that people deal with situations that are appraised as stressful

40
Q

Is coping dynamic of a one time process

A

dynamic

41
Q

Engagement Coping

A

Taking action and confronting the source of stress

42
Q

Avoidance Coping / Disengagement

A

Ignoring or escaping stressor

43
Q

What is more effective in the long term: Engagement or Disengagement Coping?

A

Engagement

44
Q

Problem-Focused Coping

A

Dealing directly with stressful situation either by reducing its demands or by increasing our capacity to deal with the stressor

45
Q

Emotion Focused Coping

A

Attempting to regulate our emotional reaction to a stressful event rather than to the stressor itself

46
Q

Approach Oriented Emotional Coping

A

Usually involved using cognitive strategies to change the way we appraise a stressor

47
Q

Avoidance Oriented Emotional Coping

A

Repressive Coping

48
Q

Rumination

A

Thinking repetitively about an upsetting situation

49
Q

Emotional Cascade

A

Intense Rumination

50
Q

Dispositional Affect

A

The tendency to respond to situations in a predictable way

51
Q

What does Positive Affect predict?

A

Better physical and mental health

52
Q

What does negative affect predict?

A

Higher Allostatic Load

53
Q

What does the harm of NA depend on?

A

Culture

Ex. America vs Japan

54
Q

What does optimism lead to?

A

Leads to lower cortisol, blood pressure, inflammation

55
Q

Psychological Control

A

The belief that we make our own decision and determine what we do or what we allow others to do to us

56
Q

Regulatory Control

A

Our capacity to modulate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

57
Q

Resilience

A

The process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress

58
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

Different stressful situations create different needs and support that is responsive to these differences is most effective

59
Q

Social Support Buffering Hypothesis

A

Social support mitigates stress indirectly by helping us cope more effectively → less likely to ruminate

60
Q

Social Support Direct Effect Hypothesis

A

Social support enhances the body’s physical response to challenging situations through better immune functioning, encouraging healthier lifestyles, and better relationships with medical professionals

61
Q

Relaxation Respnose

A

Participants assume the meditative state in which metabolism slows and blood pressure lowers

62
Q

Diaphragmatic Breathing and Visualization

A

When we’re stressed our breathing is often short and rapid

63
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM)

A

multimodal intervention combining relaxation training, visualization, cognitive restructuring, reinforcement, and other techniques

64
Q

Stages of stress innoculation training

A

Stage 1: Reconceptualization – changing appraised meaning of stressor
Stage 2: Skills Acquisition – calming yourself down
Stage 3: Follow-through

65
Q

What two main categories contribute to resillience?

A

Personal and External Resources

66
Q

What type of coping does our class do the most of?

A

Problem focused coping

67
Q

How do pessimists view life setbacks

A

Internal, stable, and global

68
Q

3 Types of Relaxation Therapies

A
  • Progressive Muscle Relaxation
  • Relaxation Response
  • Diaphragmatic Breathing and Visualization
69
Q

People who receive strong social support experience

A
  • Faster recoveries and fewer medical complications
  • Lower mortality
  • Less distress in the face of terminal illness
70
Q

Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction

A
  • Focuses on using structured meditation to promote moment-to-moment nonjudgmental awareness to override autopilot
  • Decreases stress, depression, and anxiety in cancer patients
  • Reduces distress and possibly slows disease progression in people with HIV
  • Increases activity in prefrontal cortex and other parts of limbic system
  • May improve immune functioning and reduce some chronic health risks
71
Q

What assumption is CBT based on?

A

Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events (such as stressors) and our emotional reactions

72
Q

What does CBT help with?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management has been shown to help people cope with hypertension and with depression associated with chronic illness

73
Q

What positive health benefits is emotional disclosure associated with?

A

Emotional disclosure is associated with a variety of positive health benefits
- Lowers cardiovascular mortality
- May increase sources of reinforcement and social support
- Encourages cognitive reappraisal
- More helpful in coping with physical rather than psychological challenges

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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