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Health Psychology > Health Psychology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Health Psychology Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Leading Causes of Death in the US

A

Heart disease
Cancer

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2
Q

What is healthy people 2030

A

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Report identifies key targets for improving human health and well-being by 2030

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3
Q

What are the 4 overall goals of Healthy People 2030

A
  • Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
  • Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
  • Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
  • Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
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4
Q

What were the goals of the Affordable Care Act

A

Decrease number of people who do not have health insurance

Lower costs of health care

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5
Q

Trephination Definition

A

surgery where early healers would drill holes into skulls to allow disease-causing demons to leave patients’ bodies

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6
Q

What is Nile Theory?

A

body has channels that carry air, water, and blood; people become sick when blockages occur

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7
Q

Humoral Theory

A

healthy body and mind result from equilibrium between the four bodily humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)

ex. headaches = excess of yellow vile

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8
Q

Qi Definition

A

vital energy or life force
— ebbs and flows with changes in each person’s mental, physical, or emotional well-being

Acupuncture, herbal therapy, meditation can all help put Qi back in balance (more on Complementary and Alternative Medicines at the end of the semester!)

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9
Q

Mind-body dualism (or Cartesian dualism)

A

mind and body are autonomous processes that are subject to different laws of causality

the mind and body interact minimially

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10
Q

What is the post-renaissance theory of health psychology?

A
  • Physicians began to exclusively focus on the biological causes of disease
  • Germ Theory
  • Inventions and discoveries: microscopes, gas anesthetics, x-rays
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11
Q

What is the 20th century theory of health

A

Biomedical Model
States that illness always has a biological cause (or pathogen)
Fairly reductionistic
Consistent with mind-body dualism
Health is nothing more than the absence of disease

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12
Q

What were the 4 key goals of Health Psych according to the APA:

A
  • To scientifically study the causes or origins of specific diseases
  • To promote health and identify ways to get people to engage
  • To prevent and treat illness
  • To promote public health policy and improvement of healthcare system
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13
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Health and longevity is multiply determined by biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors across the life course

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Ecological Systems

A

viewpoint that nature is best understood as a hierarchy of systems in which each system is simultaneously composed of smaller subsystems and larger, interrelated systems

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16
Q

What type of factors are these: E.g., cortisol, APOE-4, how humans store fat cells?

A

Biological

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17
Q

What type of factors are these: attitudes, personality, wellbeing, stress, coping, drinking, smoking, exercising?

A

Psychological

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18
Q

What type of factors are these: relationships, social identities like gender, cultural values, air pollution, systemic racism, healthcare?

A

Sociocultural

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19
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

Biopsychosocial factors are dynamic and change with age
Health is dynamic and changes with age

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20
Q

Developmental Cascades Definition

A

Early life can affect later life

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21
Q

What is evidence based medicine?

A

Medicine that relies upon the scientific method
and integrates best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

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22
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

A measure of how well a study’s findings can be applied to the real world

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23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an observational study?

A

Advantage
- Typically large samples
- Ecologically valid
- Measurement tends to be strong

Disadvantage
- Difficult to draw strong causal inferences (i.e., correlation does not equal causation)

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24
Q

Cross-sectional Design

A

people are assessed at one point in time

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25
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

people are assessed over time

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26
Q

Quasi-experimental designs

A

leveraging naturally-occurring differences between groups of people in an observational study

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27
Q

Pros and Cons of a Case Study

A

Pros:
- great depth
- Can inform our understanding of psychological phenomena
- sometimes it is necessary

Cons:
- unknown generalizability

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28
Q

What is the case study of Jeanne Calment?

A

Woman who lived to 122 years old and purposely drank coffee instead of eating breakfast

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29
Q

Which basic conditions must be met before a cause-and-effect relationship can be inferred?

A
  1. Evidence must be consistent and make sense
  2. Cause must appear before the outcome
  3. Must be dose–response relationship
  4. strength of association must suggest causality
  5. Incidence or prevalence of the disease or outcome must drop when the causal factor is removed
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30
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a specific population within a defined time interval

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31
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition that exist at a given time

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32
Q

Relative Risk

A

ratio of the incidence (or prevalence) of a health condition in a group exposed to the risk factor to its incidence (or prevalence) in a group not exposed to the risk factor.

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33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying behaviors/life outcomes?

A

Advantages:
Can be objective and verifiable
Outcomes are intrinsically important
Wide range of contexts (real or contrived)

Disadvantages:
Sometimes we can’t ”see” health

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34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of informant-reporting?

A

Advantages:
Simple, cost-effective, lots of info
Fill in gaps with self-report

Disadvantages:
Do not see person in all contexts
Lack access to internal experiences
Biases

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35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological testing?

A

Advantages:
Objective
Sometimes the only way!

Disadvantages:
Expensive to collect
Sometimes unreliable
Uncertain interpretation

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36
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of self-reporting?

A

Advantages:
Access to thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Sometimes true by definition
Simple, cost-effective, lots of info

Disadvantages:
Biases

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37
Q

Reliability vs Validity

A

Reliability: consistency of a measure

Validity: accuracy of a measure

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38
Q

Face Validity

A

Face: whether the test, on the surface, appears to measure what it is supposed to measure

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39
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Predictive: whether the test predicts some criteria external to the test.

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40
Q

Convergent Validity

A

Convergent: whether a test correlates with other measures that it should correlate with.

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41
Q

Discriminant Validity

A

whether a test correlates with other measures it should not correlate with.

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42
Q

Construct Validity

A

the broadest type, includes face, predictive, convergent, and discriminant.

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43
Q

Can an unreliable measure be valid?

A

No

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44
Q

What are relative risk ratios?

A

ratio of the incidence (or prevalence) of a health condition in a group exposed to the risk factor to its incidence (or prevalence) in a group not exposed to the risk factor.

From group differences in quasi-experimental designs

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45
Q

P-value definition

A

probability that a difference of that size (or larger) would be found, if the actual size of the difference were zero

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46
Q

What is the five step framework for interpreting tables and graphs?

A

ORIENT yourself
WHAT do the numbers mean?
HOW do they differ?
WHERE are the differences?
WHY do they change?

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47
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

circulates the oxygen that the lungs breathe in

48
Q

What do the bones and the skeletal system protect?

A

the central nervous system

49
Q

What are the structures of the Nervous System?

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body

50
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

The cells of the nervous system are the body’s primary communication system

51
Q

How is the nervous system relevant to health psychology?

A

The nervous system underlies the physiology of stress and pain responses.

52
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

40 billion

53
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain and what two parts is it broken up into?

A

It contains all nerves in the body

Somatic and Autonomic

54
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system do?

A

nerves that 1) carry messages from sensory organs (e.g., eyes, ears) to the CNS and 2) from the CNS to muscles and glands

The somatic nervous system is sometimes referred to as the voluntary nervous system, because the skeletal muscles of this system are under voluntary control, such as when we choose to get up and move across the room.

55
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

nerves that link the CNS with the heart, intestines, and other internal organs

The autonomic nervous system is often called the involuntary or automatic nervous system, because it controls the organs over which we do not typically have voluntary control.

56
Q

What two systems is the autonomic nervous system broken up into?

A

The sympathetic (fight or flight)

The parasympathetic (rest and digest)

57
Q

What are the structures of the endocrine system?

A

A complex network of glands and organs, especially the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands, and the pancreas

58
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine glands release hormones (i.e., chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions

59
Q

Which system controls slow acting bodily systems?

A

The endocrine system

60
Q

What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Hormones are produced in endocrine glands and are secreted into the bloodstream.

Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are released by presynaptic nerve terminal into the synapse.

Hormones: Hormones are transmitted through blood.

Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are transmitted across the synaptic cleft

61
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Alongside the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland acts as a master control system of the endocrine system

62
Q

How does the pituitary gland relate to health psychology?

A

Regulates the amount of the “stress hormone” cortisol that is released by the adrenal gland

63
Q
A
64
Q

What does the thyroid gland regulate?

A

growth and the metabolism

65
Q

what does the pancreas regulate?

A

Blood glucose

66
Q

What are the three types of blood cells and their functions?

A

Red – carry oxygen from lungs into the body
White – immune sysyem
Platelets – keep us from losing blood when injured

67
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

From heart to the organs and tissues

68
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure refers to the force that blood exerts against blood vessel walls (systolic = pressure exerted when the heart contracts to pump blood out; diastolic: pressure exerted when the heart relaxes as blood flows back into the heart).

69
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

A

The lungs and airways

70
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Enables us to inhale air and exhale carbon dioxide to supply the cardiovascular system with oxygen

71
Q

Digestive System Structures

A

Digestive/gastrointestinal tract as well as salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

72
Q

Digestive System Function

A

Breaks down food into molecules that can be used for energy, growth, and tissue repair

73
Q

Digestion relation to Health Psychology

A

A healthy digestive system is important for providing your body with nutrients that support health. When you are in danger or under stress, digestion slows.

74
Q

The Immune System Structures

A

a network of capillaries, lymph nodes, and ducts, as well as bone marrow, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland

75
Q

The Immune System Function

A

Defends the body against antigens that can harm health, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and foreign microorganisms

76
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

The lymphatic system circulates white blood cells throughout the body to patrol for antigens

77
Q

What expands to cause swelling and inflammation when you are sick?

A

Lymphocytes

78
Q

What do the lymphatic capillaries carry?

A

Lymph, a colorless bodily fluid formed by water, proteins, microbes, and other foreign substances that are drained from the spaces between body cells

79
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

Lymph nodes contain filters that capture infectious substances and debris, and then lymphocytes destroy those foreign particles.

80
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Inflammation isolates injured tissues, mobilizes the immune response, and promotes healing

81
Q

Genotype

A

all the genes that a person inherits

82
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics of a person

83
Q

What is DNA Methylation?

A

DNA methylation is a chemical process that adds methyl groups to DNA, which can alter gene expression and regulate protein production:

84
Q

When does methylation begin?

A

Methylation begins before birth and continues across the lifespan, altering how genes are expressed in response to environmental events even after we are born.

85
Q

How does DNA methylation relate to asthma?

A

DNA methylation seems to be one of the biological mechanisms responsible for the development of asthma in children who are exposed to air pollution at a young age. DNA methylation may also explain the effects of early life stress on increased vulnerability for later depression.

86
Q

What is the difference between a health disparities and health differences?

A

Health disparities are not just health differences between groups

Health disparities are preventable

Health disparities are due to social injustices

87
Q

Disparity or Difference: Incidence of skin cancer is higher among White U.S. Americans

A

Difference

88
Q

Intersectionality Theory

A

Intersectionality is a sociological analytical framework for understanding how groups’ and individuals’ social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege.

89
Q

What are the three goals of health disparities research?

A
  1. To document patterns of health disparities
  2. To understand how and why they exist
  3. To identify ways to reduce disparities and promote health equity through science, policy, and practice.
90
Q

Equality Definition

A

Everyone gets the same resources regardless of social position –> equal resources but not necessarily equal outcomes

91
Q

Equity Definition

A

People get different levels of resources depending on need –> NOT equal resources, but achieving equal OUTCOMES

92
Q

Justice Definition

A

Removing the fundamental barriers that are leading to the disparities in the first place –> allocation of resources becomes irrelevant / unnecessary

93
Q

What does the national institute of aging do?

A

Federal agency that awards researchers grant money to advance the scientific study of health and aging, including health disparities across the lifespan

94
Q

What is minority stress theory?

A

An additional layer of stress that uniquely impacts LGBTQ individuals’ health

Suggests that engagement in risky health behaviors is not necessarily due to individual-level factors

Rather: discrimination, victimization, and harassment that result from heterosexism, cisgenderism, homophobia, and transphoboia directly impact LGBTQ people’s engagement in risky health behaviors, as well as mental and physical health

95
Q

Are minority stressors chronic?

A

Yes

96
Q

Are minority stressors socially-based?

A

Yes

97
Q

How does maslow’s hierarchy of nees relate to health equity?

A

It can help explain how sociocultural disadvantage prevents individuals from engaging in certain behaviors and from achieving their full potential

With threats of safety and physiological needs, it is easier to ignore one’s higher-levels needs because the basic ones are jeopardized

98
Q

What is the gender paradox?

A

Women have greater morbidity (disease-burden) than men, but lower risk of mortality (death) than men

Ie: Men experience more life-threatening chronic diseases and die younger, whereas women live longer but have more nonfatal chronic conditions and disability

99
Q

The Immigrant Paradox

A

Observation that immigrants are “healthier” compared to US-born peers of similar demographic and socioeconomic profiles

100
Q

What are 4 possible explanations for the Immigrant Paradox?

A
  1. Cultural and Behavioral Factors
  2. Migrant Selectivity
  3. Return Migration Selectivity
  4. Data Artifacts
101
Q

What does data artifacts mean?

A

Immigrants are less likely to participate in major surveys of health for fear of outing themselves; only the healthiest immigrants participate in large-scale surveys documenting health differences between immigrants and non-immigrants

102
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to pay attention only to evidence that confirms what we already believe.

103
Q

Epidemiology

A

A field that seeks to determine the frequency, distribution, and cause of a particular disease or other health outcome in a population.

104
Q

Disease Vector

A

Any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.

105
Q

Morbidity

A

The number of cases of a specific illness, injury, or disability in a given group of people at a given time

106
Q

Mortality

A

The number of deaths due to a specific cause, such as heart disease, in a given group at a given time

107
Q

3 Fundamental Objectives of an Epidemiologist

A
  1. Identify the origin of a particular disease to generate hypotheses
  2. Evaluate the hypotheses
  3. Test the hypotheses
108
Q

Prospective Studies

A

Take a group of disease-free participants and follows them over a period of time to determine whether a certain condition or behavior is related to a later health condition.

109
Q

What does a relative risk of 1 mean?

A

There is no difference in risk between the two groups

110
Q

What does a relative risk score above/below 1 mean?

A

A relative risk above 1.0 indicates there is a positive association (the exposed group has a greater risk).

A relative risk below 1.0 means the incidence or prevalence rate of the exposed group is less than that of the not exposed group

111
Q

What are the two types of tissues?

A

Epithelial and Connective Tissues

112
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial tissues are sheets of closely packed cells covering body organs and other surfaces.

They also form glands that secrete hormones, breast milk, etc.

113
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

Connective tissues are made up of more widely separated cells that bind together and support organs and other body tissues

Bone, cartilage, and tendons are types of connective tissues

114
Q

Which two body parts work together to act as the master control system?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland

115
Q

Self Other Agreement

A

the degree to which self and informant reports agree

116
Q

Shared Method Variance

A

the predictor and outcome are assessed the same way

117
Q
A

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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