Health Psychology Flashcards
What are the two models of treatment seeking
Biomedical model
Biopsychosocial model
What is attribution
Sensations then “attributed”
as symptoms
Attribution is when we hypothesise what causes a symptom
What does it mean by saying we have illness Prototype (from self regulatory model)
Prototypes are ideas about the identity timeline cause cure control and consequences of an illness
When do we seek healthcare advice? (SRM)
It's more likely when Illness CONSEQUENCES are high TIMELINE is chronic CURE is accessed via hcp CONTROL is low (not through lifestyle CAUSE COPING resources are low IDENTITY prototype and symptoms match Coping w non healthcare seeking is APPRAISED ineffective EMOTIONAL RESPONSE is high
Srm says patient can use here herustics or rule of thumb to aid decisions about symptom what are they?
Rate of change rule - seek help if unstable and get worse quickly Severity rule Age illness rule Stress illness rule -mental attribution Pattern rule Location rule Optimistic rule - it won't happen to me
Describe the stage model of coping with diagnosis e.g. five stages of grief
Whom is it by
Denial – shock Anger Bargaining – if I do this I will get more time Depression Acceptance – not the same as giving up By kubler Ross
What framework indicates Appraisal of treatment
The necessity- concerns framework
Doubt about treatment needs and concerns about adverse affect make a person unlikely to adhere to their medication
Process and outcome of good shared decision-making
Process; recognise need for decision, informed about options:risk, benefits, consequences. Patience values Can discuss their worry with hcp Involved in decision-making
Outcome:accurate risk perception
Good knowledge relevant to decision
Feel that their value are Respected
What is the difference between self-management and self-care
Self-care used in the same way as self management more of a short term focus Management Chronic condition
Describe the component of self management interventions
1 plan and reinforce heathy behaviours -smart goals
2 cope with emotional impact
3 healthcare team
4 eduction about condition and signposting
What theory influences self management
Whom by
Social learning theory
Albert bandura
The social learning theory describes three ways we learned behaviour…
1 modelling, imitating
2 reinforcement -be rewarded
3 vicarious reinforcement - echo feelings- watch other get rewarded
What does the self management intervention involve (4)
- Affirmations - well done for doing Sth.
2 vicarious reinforcement by expert patient
3 technique teaching improve self efficacy
4 set SMART goals
What are smart goals
Specific Measurable Achievable Results focused Time bound
What are the self management behaviours in asthma
Adhere to preventer trt Good inhaler technique Stop smoking Maintain a healthy weight Avoid trigger Flu vaccination
What are the self management behaviour in hypertension
Adhere to antiHT Self monitor of BP Stop smoking Healthy weight Reduce alcohol intake
What are the problems with self management intervention
Time (hcp Money Patient engagement Training Outcomes are different for diff patient
Define self-management
Self-management refers to individual’s ability to manage symptoms, treatments, physical and psychological consequences and lifestyle changes for chronic condition
Scott &a Bruce’s decision making styles suggested 5 types …
Rational Intuitive Dependent Avoidant Spontaneous
Differences between intuitive and a spontaneous decision making
Both quick decisions, high self esteem, careless about what other think
Spontaneous decision linked to poorer outcomes
What’s dependent decision making? Is it linked to high or low self esteem?
Making decisions after seeking advices from others
Lower self esteem
What is common knowledge bias in decision-making as a group
Tend to talk about things we agree on
Miss out things that a few people knows that are also IMPORTANT
Groupthink - what is it?
- when does it normally happen?
- does it represent everyone’s view
A group of people agree on same thing, no disharmony
Happen when a strong leader in group
No
What is curse of expertise?
We tend consider a decision by making it relevant to our own expertise and think about other aspects less
Social loafing - what is it
- does it represent everyone’s view
Individual put in less work within group than they would on their own
No
What’s risky shift
Group decision become extreme when after discussion, members broadly agree on the subject
What does satisfies mean in decision-making
Who came up with this concept
Making a decision which will meet the minimum requirement for task
Herbert Simon
Where are cognitive(assume) bias results from
From a flawed discission via heuristics (fast) decision-making
What is confirmation bias
Selectively use information that fits with our existing ideas
What’s schemes
Beliefs
What’s representativeness heuristic
When something resembles something else, it is judged to be highly likely that they are the same thing
What is framing bias
The way information is phrased influence the decision
Other biases Primary effects Recency effect Availability heuristic Ego bias
More focus on info presented First
—- more recent event
Influenced by things we easily recall (the seen s/e, forget other common s/e
IKEA affect, cognitive bias, people value things we produced by ourselves
What’s the nudge unit
What did they suggest
The behavioural insight team that’s established by the gov
- we can change people’s behaviour by changing environment than persuading people
What is health risk behaviour
Any activities that increase the risk of disease or injury
What’s health enhancing behaviour
Examples?
Activities that help to prevent disease, detect disease and disability at an early stage
Adherence, self-management, healthylife style
When did WHO published the top 10 risks factors
What is the first second and third factor
2009
High blood pressure, tobacco use, high blood glucose
What are the distal and proximal influences on health
Distal= demographics Proximal= attitude, belief
What is WHO finding on smoking
When
In developed country smoking attribute to greater risk of disease then any other behaviours
2009
What is the percentage of smoking populations in man and woman
20% men
19% women
What are the theories focused on health risk
What is it about
Whom by
What year
1 health locus of control - wallston 1992: individuals view of control over their health
2 unrealistic optimism - Weinstein 1982
3 cognitive dissonance- festinger 1962: when behaviour is inconsistent with belief, we remove the dissonance by changing our belief
What is a realistic optimism
It will never happen to me
People ignore risk producing behaviour and focus on risk reducing behaviour (but at least I don’t inject drugs
What’s com-b model?
Capacity
Opportunity
Motivation
–> behaviours
What are the types of interventions to reduce health risks
1 De- biasing -eg smoking cessation. 1) imagine if successfully quit. 2)imagine if develop disease
2 unrealistic optimisation de-biasing intervention for unprotected sex by hoppe n ogden 1996
3) campaign (fear appeal)- useful in pre-contemplation stage cause avoidance
4) motivational interviewing - reasons for for and against the behaviour
5) alcohol use screening intervention- AUDIT C a questinnnair tool to screen.
6) pharmacological trt- alcohol and smoking NRT
How do we select the correct intervention
Behaviour change wheel
Michie
2011
What the purpose of PRIME theory / SRM/ N-C framework/ transtheretical model
Used in addiction
Response to illness
Adherence
Process of change over time
Using motivational interviewing skills to explore barriers
What are the 2 major components of motivational interviewing and the division under those
Relational component
Technical complement
Relational - empathy( listening) - interpersonal spirit ( evoke themselves to promote change, collaborative rather than authorisation)
Technical- evoke and reinforce change talk (roll
W R, avoid arguing, self efficacy- confidence
Core interviewing skills for reflective listening OARS
Open question
Affirmations
Reflections
Summarising
What are the different types of adherence
- initiation, first dose
- implementation, timing, drug holidays
- persistence, taking full course
- discontinuation
Concordance:shared decision
Compliance: old fashioned- listen to doctors!
According to the N I CE medicine nonadherends guideline, what are the two types of non-adherence
1unintentional, capacity, practical barrier CANT
2. Intentional, believes, Perceptual barrier WONT
How to advise patient on physical activities
1 tell them WHY exercise will benefit them
2 identify barriers
3 signpost to local opportunities (tailored to individual- hobby)
4 neogoniate on acceptable plan
5 follow up (reach goals?
What’s the most important thing about motivational interviewing
It is collaborative, help patient to explore their own reason for change
What are the four stage of change talk in MI
Engaging
Focusing
Evoking - why u wanna change
Planning - how can u change
What are the two types of change talk
DARN CATS 1. Preparatory change talk Desire Ability Reason Need 2) mobilising change talk Commitment Activation Talking steps Increasing likelihood of change
What’s sustain talk
I’ll keep on smoking
