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Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What’s ethics

A

The science of morals or moral philosophy

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2
Q

Ethics of profession are

A

Principles that are accepted by any profession as basis for proper behaviour

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3
Q

Morality is
Moral is
Ethics are

A

Right moral conduct or a moral system
Moral: aspect reflecting the rightness or wrongness of an action
Interchange with the word ethical
Refer to qualities that are good and bad and conform with behavioural standards
Ethics are used in dealing with moral qs from a theoretical point of view. It’s science of morals in human conduct

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4
Q

Ethical norms are

Moral intuitions are

A

Rules or behaviour to be complied with or used to evaluate or direct human conduct
Moral intuitions are considerations mainly from upbringing, cultural background, reflecting personal experiences and feelings or religious teachings and faith

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5
Q

Ethical dilemma is

A

It is where a problem needs to be overcome or a difficult choice made using a process known as as ethical decision-making

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6
Q

Difference between facts and values

A

A fact is indisputable(objective) whereas a value is more open to question(subjective)

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7
Q

3 main ethical theories

A

Deontological
Consequentialist
Virtue ethics

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8
Q

Deontological ethics

A

Duty and obligations-
Respond to law like categorical imperatives - unconditional moral obligations
Do not consider consequences
Duty is more important than outcome

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9
Q

Consequencalist ethics

A

opposite of deontological
Main consideration is favouring action that will achieve the best possible consequence -result
Not nature of action but its outcome that is most relevant

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10
Q

Virtue ethics

A

Being aretetic - goodness, excellence or virtue

Focus is the moral uprightness or goodness of induvidual

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11
Q

Summary of the 3 theories

A

Duties and obligations
Outcomes and max benefit
Moral character

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12
Q

4 key moral concepts in healthcare

The Georgetown mantra

A 
Beneficence 
Non maleficence 
Respect for autonomy 
Justice 
The Georgetown mantra
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13
Q

What’s beneficence and non maleficence

A

Act in ways that benefit a patient- patient care or interest
Do no harm

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14
Q

Ethics of care is

A

Similar to virtue ethics
But more emphasis on employing altruistic (unselfish) emotions
Humans have and in that capacity for sympathy and compassion

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15
Q

A good decision will involve

A

Systemic structure - create stages and inc analysis of what you did and why to inform future thinking

Rational reasoning -reasonable in the circumstances

Value based reasoning

Recorded decision -interventions in PMR

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16
Q

The 4 stage approach of decision making

A

Gather relevant facts (cirminal, nhs, civil law)
Prioritise , ascribe values
Generate options - cause least harm
Choose an option - justify why

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17
Q

Virtue based morality

The values that should be internalised are

A 
Honour 
Integrity 
Humanity 
Confidentiality 
Empathy
Compassion
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18
Q

Rational reasoning must have a reference to

A

Ethical principles

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19
Q

A process of rational reasoning

A

A combination of premises (facts)
A reference to general ethical principles
A conclusion (factual and moral claims)

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20
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning

A

Level 1: Preconventional: based on self interest, conform to get rewards

2: Conventional: based on conformity to social norms and expectations , good boy
3: Postconventional: centred on justice and based on universal ethical principles, conform democratic law and individual right

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21
Q

Fallacies

A

Logical mistakes in reasoning
Contains factual mistake or
Draws an erroneous conclusion from correct facts , direct attention to others from main consideration

22
Q

When is principle ethics being used?

A

When at first sight obligations form the basis of a particular approach

23
Q

Technical imperatives

A

Achieve a particular end

24
Q

Assertoric imperative

A

Relate to more generally shared human aspirations

25
Respect for autonomy
This is a capacity for self government in the individual You got the right to make your own decision in consideration of an ability to be open to reason and consider consequences
26
Justice in healthcare context
Distributive allocations (resources) E.g. Access and denial of trt Equitable distribution of benefit and burden
27
What is clinical pragmatism
The essential difference with clinical pragmatism is that once all parties have identified and agreed what the clinical and directly related facts are about ,attention shift to the factors that reflect as the ethical disparities (differences) Take account of the perspectives of patient's family and members of healthcare team It recognises both limits of knowledge and the differences in lived experiences which can lead to different understandings This can enhance decision-makingwhen principle is not treated as absolute
28
What is moral reasoning
This is defined as individual or collective practical reasoning about what we should do, take into account the moral values that are important in our lives
29
2 invalid reasoning methods
Ad hominem | Tu quoque
30
What's hominem argument
An argument against the man | It is normally an attack on particular person and is intended to discredit what he says or does
31
What's Tu quoque argument
You too | This method is used to reduce the force of an argument that a person is making
32
The universal system of making a decision | What about in ethical dilemma
1. Weighing the fact 2. Setting this fact against possible outcomes 3. Deciding on the preferred course of action In Ethical dilemma there is an extra step of taking account of conflicting ethical issues
33
What is rational enquiry
This is how we can establish beliefs and judgement in an object at manner
34
A process of reasoning is considered as either...
Deductive - logically sound with conclusion follows and entailed from its supporting premises) Inductive - inferred (supportive conclusion but not entailed by its premises)9
35
Rational reasoning must have a reference to ethical principles
A combo of premises, (the facts of the matter) A reference to general ethical principles A conclusion E.g. Human embryos are a part of human life Taking human life is wrong Kill human embryos is Wring
36
Which type of morality does health promotion campaign relate to?
Goal based morality
37
What's personal accountability
Duty to ourselves
38
Terms used in professional accountability
Responsibility accountability liability- pay if failure lead to harm
39
Ethics in practice - 3 areas that relabemt to pharmacy
1 conscience clause - right for HCP to follow their conscience 2 resource allocation - max benefit to max amount of ppl 3 essential medicines - third world country ppl don't have essential meds
40
What is judgement
The evaluation of evidence to make a decision and the ability to make considered decisions. Or come to sensible conclusion
41
What's the msg from Berwick report
- place patient safety and quality of care above all - hear patients at all times - foster staff to improve the process they work - transparency
42
What are the three types of decisions
Legal Clinical- use judgement Ethical - use J
43
Type of clinical decision making
Selective - easy decision with options, cognitive process | Creative- think freely, generate solutions, use emotions and bias, risky
44
Half of the hospital ADverse event involved errors of
Reasoning or decision quality
45
The 6 stage of approach
Gather info Identify and clarify the ethical problem Analyse the prob by considering ethical theories/ approaches Exposure options Make decision Apply then reflect on decision
46
You need to be able to justify your decisions
Patient/ public interest Legal issues Professional standard Policies and procedure
47
Calgary Cambridge guide on shared decision making
Share own thinking Involved patient making suggestion not directions Encourage patient to contribute their thoughts Negotiate to an acceptable plan Offer choices Check with patient if an is ok
48
Factors influence decision making
Evidence Patient belief/ scenario Environment Yourself
49
What's intuitive
Automatic response - used in non- analytic reasoning
50
With increasing age and experience what would happen when making a decision?
Less knowledge less adherence to guideline sometimes worse patient outcomes Increase pattern recognition Can consider less common conditions Too much reliance on data gathered early and less willing to re added new information
51
So how should we carry out clinical reasoning?
Trust feelings of similarity -non analytical but avoid giving conclusion straight away by using a diagnostic algorithm (analytic)
52
How to minise bias in decision making
Deliberately consider possible alternative options Ask question that would disprove your hypothesis Is a piece of info important cuz you seen it before or just because it really is important? Be aware of biases Using checklist before making a decision - generic - disease specific (force you to go through different options)

Professional Practice 2 (6 decks)

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