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ESA 3 > Health Psych > Flashcards

Health Psych Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transactional model of stress?

A

Cycle of demands, resources and appraisals leading to a stress response

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2
Q

What negative impacts can stress have on health?

A
  • physiological damage eg on CVS
  • weaken immune system, so vulnerable to infection
  • coping efforts may increase unhealthy behaviours
  • impact on mental health eg anxiety, depression
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3
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy
Aims to change thoughts and behaviours (as opposed to the situation itself) and to overcome negative cycles of beliefs

Use cognitive beliefs to get them to challenge thoughts
And behavioural techniques eg role play and gradual exposure

Good for patients who are willing participants, and who can accept and articulate their problems

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4
Q

What conditions can CBT be used for?

A

Can be used for depression, anxiety, eating disorders, sexual dysfunction

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5
Q

What are the difference between stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination?

A
  • stereotypes are eneralisations we make about specific social groups and their members
    Based on our social schemata (energy saving, cognitive)
  • prejudice is the evaluative thinking and attitudes based on stereotypes
  • discrimination is the behavioural component based in stereotypes, and acting on those thoughts
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6
Q

How does age affect intellect?

A
  • IQ declines

- slower processing time (crystallised vs fluid intelligence)

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7
Q

What is the social model of disability?

A

The idea that disability is caused by the way society is organised rather than the persons impairment.

Looks to remove barriers that restrict life choices for disabled people

(Unlike the medical model that looks at what is ‘wrong’ with a person and how it can be changed)

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8
Q

What is cultural diversity?

A

A person and the groups which they identify with, as well as their heritage and individual circumstances and personal choice.

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9
Q

How can cultures impact a patients presentation to health services?

A
  • pressure to conform to family expectation
  • pressure to conform to gender roles
  • sexual orientation
  • arranged marriage
  • difficulty conforming to social norms
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10
Q

What is heterosexism?

A

Oppression against those that are LGBT

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11
Q

What health needs are prevalent in the LGBT community?

A
  • mental health (worse in bisexuals and trans)
  • substance use (higher rates of smoking, alcohol and drugs)
  • cancer (lesbians still need smears, MSM more likely for anal cancer)
  • STIs (HIV and syphilis common in MSM, and WSW can still get STIs)
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12
Q

How may discrimination lead to poorer health in LGBT community?

A
  • low self esteem
  • increased stress
  • isolation
  • distrust of authorities
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13
Q

What are the aims of palliative care?

A
  • improve quality of life
  • manage emotional and physical symptoms
  • support patients to live productively
  • give patients some control
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14
Q

What is the NATSAL survey?

A

National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles
Done 3 times in the UK
People asked about sexual history in their homes

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15
Q

What are health related behaviours?

A

Anything that may either promote good health, or lead to illness
Eg smoking, alcohol, drugs, exercise, healthy diet, safe sex…

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16
Q

What is classical conditioning and how may this explain people engaging in health related behaviours?

A

Association of initially neutral stimuli to encourage behaviours

Eg associating smoking with a work break, so it becomes habit

Can use as aversive technique eg for alcohol abuse associate alcohol with nausea (disulfiram) to discourage drinking

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17
Q

What is operant conditioning and how does this explain some health related behaviours?

A

Idea of behaviour being shaped by consequences (reward or punishment)
Behaviour increases if rewarded or punishment is removed
Behaviour decreases if punished or reward is removed

Unhealthy behaviours (Eg drinking, smoking, drugs, chocolate) promoted as they have immediate reward from satisfaction

Can use this idea to change health behaviour by saving money from quitting smoking to use for a holiday

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18
Q

What is the social learning theory and how does this explain some health related behaviours?

A

Idea that learning is cognitive and vicarious through observation in social contexts
We are more likely to perform behaviours that are valued and that we can enact

Influence of family, peers, media figures. We may replicate harmful behaviours eg drinking, smoking, drugs

May be influenced to replicate positive health behaviour if peers do, if we are all educated, if celebrities campaign in health promotions etc

19
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Idea of discomfort if we hold inconsistent beliefs or actions don’t match beliefs , so we reduce discomfort by changing behaviour

20
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

Action depends on:

Beliefs about health threat (perceived susceptibility and severity)

Beliefs about health related behaviour (perceived benefits and barriers)

21
Q

What is the stages of change model and where can you relapse within this cycle?

A

Cycle of pre-contemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance

Possible area of relapse after action or after maintenance (can only relapse once action is performed, can’t relapse if we’ve only thought about it!). Relapse is normal and patients should be made aware of this.

22
Q

What is compliance and adherence?

A

Compliance is patient doing what they are told, complying with medical advice

Adherence is the extent to which patient behaviour coincides with medical advice (more patient focused)

23
Q

What is concordance?

A

Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment regime, active partnership together, patients beliefs respected and decision are shared.

24
Q

How can adherence be measured?

A
  • urine/ blood tests
  • self report
  • pill counts
  • observation
  • mechanical measure of dose ie record when container is opened
25
Q

What is unintentional and intentional adherence?

A

Unintentional adherence arises from capacity and resource limitations that prevent the patient following treatment recommendations eg memory, dexterity, access

Intentional adherence arises from the patents beliefs and attitudes

26
Q

What are some factors that influence adherence?

A
  • patient understanding
  • patients beliefs (severity of illness, benefits of treatment etc)
  • psychological health (less likely to adhere if depressed)
  • psychosocial factors eg social support
  • doctor patient interaction (manner, communication)

Achieving concordance leads to better adherence

27
Q

What is a tool that can screen patients for levels of alcohol use?

A

CAGE questionnaire
C: have you ever felt the need to CUT DOWN on drinking?
A: have people ANNOYED you by criticising your drinking?
G: have you ever felt GUILTY about drinking?
E: EYE-OPENER. have you ever felt the need to drink first thing in the morning?

2 yes responses indicate the possibility of alcoholism so should be investigated

  • can only do AUDIT questionnaire (more detailed)
  • FAST (quicker version of AUDIT)
  • PAT (like AUDIT but quicker)
28
Q

How can patients with alcohol problems be managed?

A
  • detox
  • supplement ie nutrition, vitamins
  • support and advice
  • relapse prevention eg disulfiram
  • monitor
29
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Idea that the strongest factor to see if someone will engage in a behaviour, is if they have the intention to.

Behavioural intention (and hence behaviour) is influenced by attitude to comply (do I need to cut down drinking?), 
subjective norm (what do peers do, is it the norm, shall I cut down), and perceived behavioural control (am I capable of quitting drinking).
30
Q

What is a disadvantage of the theory of planned behaviour model?

A

Good predictor of intentions, but poor predictor of behaviour

31
Q

What is the concept of attachment in child development?

A

Critical period for attachment between infant and primary care giver during first year, and problems may result if separated during first 4 years

32
Q

What are Schaffers stages of social development in newborns?

A
  • preference for human faces over objects
  • at 3 months can distinguish strangers from non-strangers
  • at 7-8 months specific attachments form. Child will key people and show distress in their absence. Wary of contact from strangers
33
Q

What are the implications of separation for a hospitalised child?

A 
Anxiety
Aggression
Despair
Detachment
Bed wetting

May adversely affect adherence to treatment, stress may affect their healthy, pain may be worse if anxious

Practice now allows more visits than in the 50s to decrease abandonment feelings

34
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of childhood cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor 0-2yrs
    egocentricism, language development
  2. Pre-operational 2-7 yrs
    egocentricism, language development
  3. Concrete operational 7-12 yrs
    sense of number, mass and weight, can see from others perspectives
  4. Formal operational 12yrs +
    abstract logic, hypothetic-deductive reasoning
35
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory of development?

A

Cognitive development require social interaction
Child is apprentice that learns through problem solving
Can achieve more than their zone of proximal development with able instruction

36
Q

What are some examples of good practice when communicating with children?

A

Smile, eye contact
OWL: observe, wait, listen
Simple and clear info
Act out eg with a doll
Give them a choice (ie do they want to sit on parent lap or on bed)
Distract, talk about interest eg football
Be enthusiastic

37
Q

What are some key features of motivational interviewing?

A 
Open ended question
Reflective listening 
Non-judgemental
Goal-orientated
Client centred
Empathy 
Planning changes to be implanted with patient
38
Q

What is the gate theory of pain?

A

The idea that “gates” in the spinal cord can open and close depending on the stimuli, preventing and allowing pain from reaching the CNS.

Factors that may open the gate include stress, focusing on the pain, drug and alcohol use, inactivity
Factors that may close the gate include massage, medication, love, laughter, exercise, distraction

39
Q

Distinguish between acute and chronic pain

A

Chronic > 3 months, ongoing tissue damage, prolonged medication

40
Q

What are some principles of a pain management programme?

A
  • effective analgesia
  • physiotherapy to gradual increase activity
  • education
  • deconstructing pain ie via a diary, to reduce maladaptive thoughts
  • reconstructing beliefs eg relaxation techniques, positive coping strategies
41
Q

What is the 5 stage of grief model?

A
  1. Denial (it can’t be happening)
  2. Anger (why me)
  3. Bargaining (I’ll go to church everyday if it keeps them alive)
  4. Depression (what’s the point)
  5. Acceptance (I’m ready to make funeral arrangements)
42
Q

What is the SPIKES model for breaking bad news?

A

S: setting (face to face, in private, necessary relative present, sat down, eye contact)
P: perception of patient (ask what do you know so far?)
I: invitation from patient (how much would you like to know about your diagnosis and treatment?)
K: knowledge (warning shot ie sorry to tell you this, info in small chunks, avoid jargon)
E: empathy (how are you feeling, I can understand, what is concerning you)
S: strategy and summary (summarise pain point, strategy for treatment, opportunity to ask questions)

43
Q

What reasons for poor adherence does Leys model suggest?

A
  • Poor understanding (of their illness or treatment regime)
  • Poor memory (when to take, how to administer, how many, what type etc)
  • Lack of satisfaction (with their treatment)
44
Q

What are some criticisms of the attachment theory?

A

Too focused on mothers, fathers marginalised

Doesn’t consider multiple attachment figures

ESA 3 (6 decks)

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