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ESA 3 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the mesoderm does the kidney system form from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm at the urogenital ridge

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2
Q

What are the 3 systems that develop sequentially to eventually form the kidney?

A

1) pronephros
2) mesonephros
3) metanephros

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3
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

No function in humans

Forms propnephric duct to drive development of the next stage

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4
Q

What is the function of the mesonephros?

A

Mesonephric duct sprouts ureteric bud to induce development of definite kidney
Mesonephric duct has role in development of male reproductive system (vas deferens)

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5
Q

What is the function of the metanephros?

A

Signal released from ureteric bud drive development of definite kidney in caudal region of embryo

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6
Q

What is the derivative in the male urethra of the lower part of the urogenital sinus?

A

Pre-prostatic urethra, prostatic urethra and membranous urethra

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7
Q

What is the derivative in the male urethra of the phallic part of the urogenital sinus?

A

Spongy urethra

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8
Q

How does the urinary tract separate from the GI tract?

A

By the urogenital sinus which forms from the urorectal septum which moves causally to the cloaca to separate the tracts

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9
Q

Which duct regresses in female but not males?

A 
Mesonephric ducts
(Don't regress in males as they form the vas deferens)
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10
Q

Where do they ureteric buds sprout from?

A

The mesonephric ducts
(Both then make independent openings in the urogenital sinus in males, but only the UBs make openings in the UGS in females as the MDs regress)

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11
Q

A failure of interaction between which structures can lead to renal agenesis?

A

Between the ureteric bud and metanephros

would present as abnormally low amniotic fluid of pregnant woman

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12
Q

How does a horseshoe kidney form?

A

When the two developing kidneys are too close together and fuse as they undergo lateral rotation
The fused kidneys get caught on the inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver gallbladder 
First part of duodenum (proximal to entrance of bile duct)
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14
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the midgut?

A 
Part of the duodenum distal to bile duct entry
Jejenum
Ileum
Caecum 
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3rds transverse colon
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15
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the hindgut?

A 
Distal 1/3rd transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper anal canal
Inner lining of bladder and urethra
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16
Q

How does the blood supply differ for the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A 
Foregut = celiac trunk
Midgut = superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut = inferior mesenteric artery

BUT structures that develop close to junction b/n foregut and midgut have mixed blood supply
Proximal duodenum = CT (superior pancreaticoduodenal)
Distal duodenum = SMA (inferior pancreaticoduodenal)
Head of pancreas = CT and SMA (superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal)

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17
Q

How do mesenteries form?

A

When the new primitive gut tube is suspended in the intra embryonic coelom and surrounded by splanchnic mesoderm, part of it forms a double layer that suspends the gut tube from the abdominal wall = mesentery

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18
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral mesenteries?

A

Ventral mesentery only within the foregut region (so has a free edge)

The dorsal mesentery suspends the entire gut tube from the dorsal body wall

19
Q

How do the dorsal and ventral mesentery contribute to the greater and lesser sacs?

A

In the region of the foregut, cavity is divided into right and left sacs due to having both ventral and dorsal mesentery

The left sac contributes to the greater sac
The right sac contributes to the lesser sac and comes to lie behind the stomach

20
Q

What does the free edge of the ventral mesentery conduct?

A

The portal triad

21
Q

How do the ventral and dorsal mesentery contribute to the greater and lesser omenta?

A

Lesser omentum formed by ventral mesentery

Great omentum formed by dorsal mesentery

22
Q

How do the omenta and greater and lesser sacs form?

A

Rotation of the stomach, firstly around longitudinal axis then around the anteroposterior axis

23
Q

What does rotation of the stomach achieve?

A
  • puts vagus nerves anterior and posterior to stomach (instead of left and right)
  • moves cardia and pylorus away from the midline (as stomach lies obliquely)
  • contributes to moving lesser sac behind the stomach
  • creates the greater omentum
24
Q

What is a peritoneal reflection?

A

Reflection from parietal peritoneum to mesentery
From mesentery to visceral peritoneum
Etc…

25
Q

What happens to structures without mesentery that are not suspended within the abdominal wall?

A

These structure are retroperitoneal

26
Q

What is the ‘bare area of the liver’?

A

Part of the liver attached to the diaphragm and so is not covered by visceral peritoneum like the rest of the liver (that has a shiny surface).

27
Q

What is meant by secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs that developed intra peritoneal but lost their mesentery due to fusion with the posterior abdominal wall parietal peritoneum
Eg duodenum and pancreas

28
Q

How does the midgut connect to the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

29
Q

What happens when the abdominal cavity is too small to accommodate both rapidly growing liver and intestines?

A

The intestines temporarily herniate out into the umbilical cord

30
Q

How does the midgut rotate?

A

Three 90 degree rotation so what was initially cranial now returns to the abdominal cavity first, on the left hand side. The caecum then drops down,mcreating the ascending colon.

31
Q

What is derived from the cranial limb of the midgut?

A

Distal duodenum, jejenum, proximal ileum

32
Q

What is derived from the caudal limb of the duodenum?

A

Distal ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3rds transverse colon

33
Q

What are some complications arising from midgut rotations?

A
  • Volvulus (when part of the intestine twist around itself and its supporting mesentery, resulting in bowel obstruction)
  • malrotation (may have left sided colon, or transverse colon could pass posterior to duodenum)
  • if caecum doesn’t drop, will have very short ascending colon
34
Q

When do atresia and stenosis form?

A

Failure of recanalisation (sometimes cell growth is so rapid that lumen may be partially or completely obliterated, so recanalisation must occur to restore the lumen in oesophagus, bile duct and small intestines)

Atresia is when lumen is obliterated
Stenosis is when lumen is narrowed
Common in duodenum, but may also be due to vascular accidents (ie Volvulus, malrotation)

35
Q

Is pyloric stenosis a recanalisation failure?

A

No
It is hypertrophy of the circular muscle of the pyloric sphincter
Results in projectile vomiting in infants

36
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Failure of closing of abdominal wall during embryonic folding, so leaves gut tube and viscera outside of the body WITHOUT a peritoneal covering
Abdominal wall defect is to the right of the umbilicus

37
Q

What is exampholos?

A

Abdominal contents herniate into umbilical cord. Viscera are covered by peritoneum and amnion.

  • differs from umbilical hernia because hernias have covering of skin and subcutaneous tissue *
38
Q

When a wedge of mesoderm grows down into the cloaca, what does it divide it into anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly is the urogenital sinus

Posteriorly is the anorectal canal

39
Q

How does the blood supply of the anal canal differ above and below the Pectinate line?

A

Above: inferior mesenteric artery (as its hindgut derivative)
Below: pudendal artery

40
Q

What is the innervation of the anal canal?

A

Above Pectinate line: S2,3,4 pelvic parasympathetic

Below Pectinate line: S2,3,4 pudendal nerve

41
Q

How does the epithelium of the anal canal differ above and below the Pectinate line?

A

Above: columnar
Below: stratified squamous

(Above is only sensitive to stretch, below is sensitive to temperature, touch and pain)

42
Q

Where does visceral pain of the foregut, midgut and hindgut localise to?

A

Visceral pain is poorly localised.
Foregut pain localises to epigastric region
Midgut pain localises to periumbilical region (eg appendicitis)
Hindgut pain localises to suprapubic area

Parietal pain is more localised as it has somatic innervation

43
Q

What does the ventral mesentery become?

A 
Lesser omentum (lesser curvature of stomach to liver)
Falciform ligament (liver to ventral body wall)
44
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Congenital bulge of the ileum due to incomplete obliteration of the Vitelline duct.

ESA 3 (6 decks)

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