Health Protection

Question 1

What is health protection?

Answer 1

Infectious disease
Chemical & poisons
Radiation
Emergency response
Environmental hazards
Screening

Question 2

What are the domains of health protection?

Answer 2

Communicable disease control

Environmental public health

Emergency preparedness, resilience and response

Question 3

What is the epidemiological triangle model?

Answer 3

Question 4

What is the source-pathway-receptor model

Answer 4

Question 5

How do we break the source-pathway-receptor model?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the modes of transmission?

Answer 6

Question 7

What is an outbreak?

Answer 7

More cases of a disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time

Question 8

What is surveillance?

Answer 8

On-going collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data

And timely dissemination to those who need to know so that action can be taken

Question 9

What is the purpose of surveillance?

Answer 9

Identify individual cases of disease

Measure incidence if infectious disease

Track changes in occurrence and risk of disease

Evaluate existing control measures

Identify new emerging infections of health importance

Question 10

Define passive surveillance

Answer 10

Designated body receives reports of infectious disease or illness

submitted from hospitals, GP surgeries, and public health units

Question 11

Define active surveillance

Answer 11

System where a member from PHE health protection team contacts healthcare providers

to seek information about certain conditions

Question 12

Name 2 surveillance methods

Answer 12

Passive

And

Active

Question 13

Name 2 types of surveillance

Answer 13

Routine

And

Enhanced

Question 14

Define routine surveillance

Answer 14

Collection of minimum data set

Question 15

Define enhanced surveillance

Answer 15

Collect more detailed data set from informants

Question 16

What are the limitations of surveillance?

Answer 16

Underreporting

Lack of representatives

Lack of denominators

Trends are difficult to interpret, as sensitive to changes in testing or reporting by laboratories

Question 17

Define cluster

Answer 17

2/ more cases with an epidemiological link

Question 18

Define incident

Answer 18

1 case of serious disease

Question 19

Define index case

Answer 19

First case to come to the attention of an investigator

Question 20

Define secondary case

Answer 20

Case that contracted the infection from the primary case

Question 21

What are the steps in an outbreak investigation?

Answer 21

Verify diagnosis

Confirm outbreak

Define ‘cases’

Conduct case finding

Descriptive epidemiology

Formulate and test hypotheses

Analytical epidemiology

Microbiological and environmental investigation

Implement and evaluate control measures

Communicate findings

Question 22

Name some measures to control infectious disease

Answer 22

Good hygiene and sanitation

Surveillance systems

Vaccination/ immunisation

Antimicrobial drugs

Quarantine or exclusions

Question 23

What is the ‘reproductive number’ of a disease?

Answer 23

Measure of transmission potential

Expected number of secondary cases for each primary case