Health Protection Flashcards
What is health protection?
Infectious disease
Chemical & poisons
Radiation
Emergency response
Environmental hazards
Screening
What are the domains of health protection?
Communicable disease control
Environmental public health
Emergency preparedness, resilience and response
What is the epidemiological triangle model?
What is the source-pathway-receptor model
How do we break the source-pathway-receptor model?
What are the modes of transmission?
What is an outbreak?
More cases of a disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time
What is surveillance?
On-going collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data
And timely dissemination to those who need to know so that action can be taken
What is the purpose of surveillance?
Identify individual cases of disease
Measure incidence if infectious disease
Track changes in occurrence and risk of disease
Evaluate existing control measures
Identify new emerging infections of health importance
Define passive surveillance
Designated body receives reports of infectious disease or illness
submitted from hospitals, GP surgeries, and public health units
Define active surveillance
System where a member from PHE health protection team contacts healthcare providers
to seek information about certain conditions
Name 2 surveillance methods
Passive
And
Active
Name 2 types of surveillance
Routine
And
Enhanced
Define routine surveillance
Collection of minimum data set
Define enhanced surveillance
Collect more detailed data set from informants
What are the limitations of surveillance?
Underreporting
Lack of representatives
Lack of denominators
Trends are difficult to interpret, as sensitive to changes in testing or reporting by laboratories
Define cluster
2/ more cases with an epidemiological link
Define incident
1 case of serious disease
Define index case
First case to come to the attention of an investigator
Define secondary case
Case that contracted the infection from the primary case
What are the steps in an outbreak investigation?
Verify diagnosis
Confirm outbreak
Define ‘cases’
Conduct case finding
Descriptive epidemiology
Formulate and test hypotheses
Analytical epidemiology
Microbiological and environmental investigation
Implement and evaluate control measures
Communicate findings
Name some measures to control infectious disease
Good hygiene and sanitation
Surveillance systems
Vaccination/ immunisation
Antimicrobial drugs
Quarantine or exclusions
What is the ‘reproductive number’ of a disease?
Measure of transmission potential
Expected number of secondary cases for each primary case
