Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family Flashcards
Promoting optimum growth and development
-Age 3-5 y
-Preparation for most significant lifestyle change: going to school
-Experiences brief and prolonged separations
-Uses language for mental symbolization
-Has an increased attention span and memory
Biologic development
-Physical growth slows down
-Average weight gain 5 lb per year
-Average height increases 2.5-3 in per year
-Slender but sturdy
-Posture erect
-Graceful, agile
-Little difference r/t to gender in size and proportion
-Organ systems adjust to moderate stress and change
-Motor development/bone growth
-Adequate nutrition and rest
-Motor development consists of increases in strength and refinement of previously learned skills, such as walking, running, and jumping
Gross motor skills
-By 3 y: walking, running, climbing, jumping
-By 4 y: skips and hops on 1 foot
-By 5 y: skips on alternate feet, jumps rope, skates, swims
Fine motor skills
-Refinement in eye-hand muscle coordination
-Drawing, dressing, artwork, skillful manipulation
Language development
-Ages 4-5 y: 4-5 word sentences
-Age 6: understand all parts of speech; identify opposites
-Telegraphic speech: short simple sentences made up primarily of content words (ex: this shoe wet)
Cognitive development
-Piaget: preoperational phase spans 2-7 y
-Intuitive thought: 4-7 y (children begin to move toward logical thinking, they show some signs of logical reasoning, but can’t explain how or why they think as they do; this is an age filled w/ questions as children begin to make sense of their worlds
-Shifts from egocentric thought to social awareness
-Able to consider other viewpoints
-Egocentricity is still evident
Cognitive development
-Readiness for school
-Readiness for scholastic learning
-Successful achievement of cognitive goals at this stage is needed for learning, which is among the reasons children enter school at age 5-6 y
-Language continues to develop
-Concept of causality is beginning to develop
-Concept of time is incompletely understood
-Uses magical thinking frequently
Development of body image
-Increasing comprehension of “desirable” appearances
-Aware of racial identity, differences in appearances, biases
-Poorly defined body boundaries: fear that if skin is “broken,” all one’s blood and “insides” can leak out, frightened by intrusive experiences
Development of sexuality
-Forms strong attachment to opposite-sex parent while identifying w/ same-sex parent
-Becomes concerned w/ modesty
-Sex role imitation (dressing up like mommy or daddy)
-Sexual exploration is more pronounced
-Questions arise about sexual reproduction
Social development
-Individuation: separation process is complete
-Overcomes stranger and separation anxiety
-Still needs parental security
-Security from familiar objects
-Play therapy is beneficial for working thru fears
-More secure if another baby born in family
Language
-Major mode of communication and social interaction
-Telegraphic speech between 3-4 y
-Vocabulary increases dramatically between ages 2-5 y
-Complexity of language increases between ages 2-5 y
Speech problems
-Stuttering: developmental stuttering –> common children ages 2-5 y
-Dyslalia: articulation problems w/ pronunciation of words
-Screening and evaluation
Personal and social behavior
-Minimal help w/ toileting, eating, or dressing
-Is willing to please
-Has internalized values and standards of family and culture
-May begin to challenge parental values
Play
-Associative play
-Imitative play
-Imaginative play and imaginative
-Dramatic play
