Health promotion and Scientific Basis Flashcards
1
Q
Test Strategies
A
- “guarantee/always” is not the answer
- take out the ones absolutely wrong
- Debate over 2 correct answers, re-read and choose correct one
- do T/F w/each question
- If things look the same put your fingers on the words
- Go with the answer you think is right
- General concepts about all instead of all details about everything
2
Q
Cancer incidence
A
- rates continue to rise
- gap btwn incidence/death is widening (more cured than dying)
- Male more than female
- Top: Lung, prostate, breast
- Male: H/N
- Female: Thyroid
- Hereditary disposition: 5-10%
3
Q
Carcinogenesis
A
- Oncogenes: gene w/potential to cause cancer
- protooncogenes: “GAS PEDAL”
- Exposure to factor will cause activation of protoncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (P53=brake)
4
Q
- Plasia
- Anaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Hyperplasia
A
- Plasia: “formation”
- Anaplasia: loss of
- Dysplasia: abnormal
- Hyperplasia: excessive
5
Q
- Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Germ cell
- Carcinoma in situ
A
- Carcinoma: Arising from epithelial cells
- Sarcoma : Arising from muscle/bone/connective tissue
- Germ cell: Arising from embryonic cells
- Carcinoma in-situ: non-invasive, not crossed basement membrane
6
Q
Malignant vs Benign
A
Malignant: can invade/metastasize
Benign: cannot invade
7
Q
Adenocarcinoma Squamous cells Differentiation Metastasis Angiogenesis Apoptosis
A
- Adeno: GLANDULAR epithelial cells
- Squamous: pancake cells that line the canals and cavities of the body
- Differentiation: cell maturation
- Metastasis: move to other places
- Angiogenesis: leaching to existing blood supply
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death
8
Q
Incidence
Prevalence
Mortality
A
- Incidence: # of CANCERS that develop in a population during a DEFINED period
- Prevalence: Actual # of cancers that exist at a given time #/100k people
- Mortality: # of people die of a particular cancer during a defined period
9
Q
Ethical Theory: Utilitarianism
A
overall balance of positive and negative effects of your actions; all actions are considered on the basis of consequences
10
Q
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
A
- Primary: This could PREVENT the cancer, Ex: Vaccines, exercise, smoking cessation
- Secondary: This could CATCH IT EARLY, ex: mammogram, colonoscopy
- Tertiary: LTFU, SURVIVORSHIP, for people who already had cancer, Ex: maintenance, scans, hormone blocking agent
11
Q
Relative risk
Absolute risk
Attributable risk
Cumulative risk
A
- Relative risk: probability of getting cancer based on the risks
- Absolute risk: Cancer incidence or mortality
- Attributable risk: amount of disease in a population that could be avoided by reducing or eliminating risk
- Cumulative risk: the total amount of risk of developing a disease over time ex: 1in4 men develop prostate their whole life
12
Q
Types of risk factors: Lifestyle Occupational Environmental Viral Iatrogenic
A
- Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol, diet
- Occupational: chemicals
- Environmental: Sun tanning beds, radiation
- Viral: HBV/HCV, HPV, EBV, HIV
- Iatrogenic: Immunosuppression, Hormone replacement, Radiation/Chemo
13
Q
Hereditary cancers: BRCA1&2 HER2 HNPCC FAP (APC gene) Dysplastic Devi Von hippel landau
A
- BRCA1&2: breast ovarian
- HER2: breast, ovarian, GI
- HNPCC: GI, liver, upper urinary, brain, skin, ovary, endometrial
- FAP (APC gene): colon
- Dysplastic Devi: melanoma
- Von hippel landau: cancer in fluid filled sacs
14
Q
Secondary Screening:
Pap smear start
Screening year
Familial history
A
- Pap smear start - sexually active
- Screening year=50yo
- Familial history start screening 10yrs prior
15
Q
Cancer stages: Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
A
- Stage 1: Tumor only, surgery/radiation main tx
- Stage2: Tumor+lymph node, local+systemic therapy “adjuvant: surgery then systemic”
- Stage 3: Tumor+many lymph nodes that drain that organ, reduce tumor first before surgery “neoadjuvant”
- Stage 4: Tumor in other areas, shrink tumor before surgery/Radiation
