Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Flashcards
What is primary prevention? What are some examples?
Include activities provided to patients to prevent the onset of a given disease
Examples:
- Health protecting education and counseling
- Encouraging use of seatbelts and bike helmets)
- Counseling about safe sex practices
- Providing information on accident and fall prevention
- Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis
What is passive immunity? What are some examples?
Provided when a person receives select antibodies (e.g. IG) after exposure to an infective agent
Examples:
- Disease protection from mother to unborn child via placenta
What is secondary prevention? What are examples?
Activities provided to identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have risk factors for a given disease or in preclinical disease
Examples:
- Screening for clinical conditions with a protracted asymptomatic period (BP, lipids, mammography, colonoscopy, pap smear)
What is tertiary prevention? What are examples?
Part of management of established disease; goal is to minimize disease associated complications and negative health effects of the established clinical conditions
Example:
- Medications and lifestyle modifications to normalize BG levels
S/s of uncomplicated influenza
- Fever
- Myalgia
- HA
- Malaise
- Nonproductive cough
- Sore throat
- Rhinitis
What other uncommon symptoms may patient’s present with if they are suspected to have the flu?
- Acute OM
- Nausea
- Vomiting
How long can symptoms of the flu last? Do cough and malaise end at the same time?
Symptoms resolve in 1 week (cough and malaise often persist for 2+ weeks)
High risk populations who should definitely receive the flu vaccine annually
- All children aged 6-59 months and adults 50+ years
- Adults and children who have chronic pulmonary (e.g. asthma) or CV, renal, hepatic, neurological, hematological, or metabolic disorders (e.g. DM)
- Persons who are immunocompromised
- Women who are or will be pregnant during flu season
- Children and adolescents who receive ASA or salicylate-containing medications and who might be at risk for experiencing Reye syndrome after flu infection
- Residents of nursing homes
- American Indians/Alaska natives
- Obese patients
- Healthcare personnel
- Household contacts of children aged <59 months and adults aged <50 years
- Household contacts of persons with medical conditions that put them at high risk for severe complications from flu
True/false: All children aged 6 months to 8 years who receive a seasonal flu vaccine for the first time should receive two doses spaced >4 weeks apart
True
When is the optimal time to receive the flu vaccine each year?
Optimal time is in the fall months (at least 1 month before anticipated onset of flu season)
Influenza and MMR mode of transmission
Respiratory droplets
Complications of measles, mumps, and rubella
- Rubella has a typically mild 3-5 day illness with little risk of complications, but is devastating if contracted during pregnancy
- Measles → encephalitis, PNA
- Mumps → orchitis, decreased male fertility
When should the first and second dose of the MMR vaccine be administered?
First dose between 12-15 months with second dose at 4-6 years old (second dose can be given earlier as long as it’s one month apart from first)
How many doses, and at what age, should the MMR vaccine be administered to children who will be traveling internationally?
- If 6-11 months old, one dose
- If dose was given before 1 year old, child should receive two additional doses separated by at least 28 days
True/false: Adults born before 1957 are considered immune from measles, mumps, rubella
True
Increased risk population to pneumococcal disease
Is vaccination recommended?
Patient’s age 19-65 years old
- Cigarette smokers
- Have chronic medical conditions (DM, lung disease, CVD, liver disease, kidney disease)
Vaccination recommended
Highest risk population to pneumococcal disease
- Is vaccination recommended?
Those 65 years and older or with…
- Immune compromised conditions → malignancy, HIV, end stage kidney disease
- Iatrogenic causes → chronic use of steroids, immunomodulators, transplant recipients)
- Functional or anatomic asplenia
Vaccination recommended
For patient’s 65+ years and have not received a pneumococcal vaccine, what should they receive?
First with PCV13 followed by PPSV23 one year later
If an initial PPSV23 vaccine was received at 65+ years, a repeat dose is NOT required
For younger adults in the increased risk category, what pneumococcal vaccine should they receive?
Should receive PPSV23 followed by PCV13 at least one year later, then second dose of PPVS23 at age 65
- At least one year following PCV13 and at least 5 years following first PPSV23 dose
For patients in the high risk category, when should they receive the pneumococcal vaccine?
- If 65+ years, should receive PCV13 followed by PPSV23 one year later
- If young adult, should receive PCV13 followed by PPSV23 8+ weeks later
- Revaccination with PPSV23 5 years after first dose
- At 65 years, final dose of PPSV23
At what age is the initial dose of hep A administered?
Starting at 1 year old
Postexposure prophylaxis for HBV in a person who has completed the series
Should receive a single HBV vaccine
Postexposure prophylaxis for a person who is still in the process of being vaccinated against HBV
Should receive HBIG and complete the vaccination series
Postexposure prophylaxis for someone who is unvaccinated against HBV
Should receive HBIG and hep B vaccine ASAP after exposure (preferably within 24 hours after exposure)
Signs and symptoms of varicella
- 300-500 vesicular lesions
- Body aches
- Fever
- Itch
- Fatigue
Varicella mode of transmission
Respiratory droplets and contact with open lesions
When are varicella vaccinated administered?
At age 1 with repeat dose given between ages 4-6 years
True/false: Older children and adults with no history of varicella infection or previous immunization should receive two varicella immunizations 4-8 weeks apart
True
Postexposure prophylaxis for varicella inpatients without evidence of immunity
Vaccination within 3-5 days
What is postherpetic neuralgia?
Shingles complication characterized by severe and debilitating pain that persists for weeks or months after lesions have resolved
When should the Shingrix vaccine be administered?
Recommended for immunocompetent adults 50 years and older, separated by 2-6 months
Signs and symptoms of pertussis (“whooping cough”)
- Early signs → runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, mild fever, mild cough
- Later signs → thick mucus accumulation in airways leading to uncontrollable cough, vomiting, paroxysmal cough (series of severe, vigorous coughs during single expiration)
DTap vs. Tdap vs. Td
Indicated for those 2 months to 6 years of age
DTap vs. Tdap vs. Td
Indicated for those 7+ years old
DTap vs. Tdap vs. Td
Used as a booster dose every 10 years
DTap vaccine schedule
Five dose series → ages 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months old, and 4-6 years
True/false: After exposure to pertussis, all unimmunized or under immunized contacts should receive an age appropriate dose of DTap or Tdap
True
Stages of Change Model - what are the five steps?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance/relapse
Stages of Change Model - what is precontemplation?
Patient is not interested in change and might be unaware that the problem exists or minimizes the problem’s impact
Stages of Change Model - what is contemplation?
Patient is considering change and looking at it’s positives/negatives, feels “stuck” with the problem, unable to figure out how to change to solve or minimize the health issue
Stages of Change Model - what is preparation?
Patient exhibits some change behaviors or thoughts and often reports feeling that they do not have the tools to proceed
Medications used to encourage smoking cessation
- Nicotine replacement therapy (patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge)
- Medications to reduce desire to smoke
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
- Varenicline (Chantix)
