Health Promotion Flashcards
Define health promotion.
“The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.” (WHO 1986)
Define determinants of health.
Factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations. (WHO)
Define health education.
“Any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.” (WHO 2015)
It is a voluntary process in which clients acquire health information skills and behaviours willingly. It empowers clients towards personal commitment and self-management of health.
Define health inequities or inequalities.
Avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries.
Define Primary Health Care.
“Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and social acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of heir development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.” (WHO 1978)
“It recognizes the broader determinants of health and includes coordinating, integrating, and expanding systems and services to provide more population health, sickness prevention, and health promotion, not necessarily just by doctors. It encourages the best use of all health providers to maximize the potential of all health resources.” (Mable and Marriot 2002)
List the core principles of primary health care.
Accessibility
Health promotion and chronic disease prevention
Intersectoral collaboration
Appropriate technology and innovation
Public participation
Explain the PHC principle of accessibility.
A continuing and organized supply of essential health services is available to all people with no unreasonable geographic or financial barriers.
Explain the PHC principle of intersectoral collaboration.
Commitment from all sectors (government, community, and health) is essential for meaningful action on health determinants.
Explain the PHC principle of appropriate technology and innovation.
Methods of care, service delivery, procedures, and equipment should be socially acceptable and affordable.
Explain the PHC principle of public participation.
Individuals and communities have the right and responsibility to be active partners in making decisions about their health care and the health of their communities.
Define the three levels of health promotion.
Primary: preventing onset of disease by reducing risk factors.
Secondary: detecting disease and treating to control disease progression.
Tertiary: enhancing quality of life for individuals with chronic disease by modifying risk factors and accommodating disability.
Health behaviour is influenced by factors at multiple levels. Name these levels.
Individual (intrapersonal - biological, knowledge, skills, attitude)
Interpersonal (social)
Organizational (environment)
Community (culture)
Public policy
List the social determinants of health in Canada. (13)
Income and income distribution Education Unemployment and job security Employment and working conditions Early childhood development Food insecurity Housing Social exclusion Social safety network Health services Aboriginal status Gender Race Disability
What is the focus of the Expanded Chronic Care Model?
The ECCM proposes a way to integrate population health promotion into the delivery of chronic disease prevention and management services.
It states that improved outcomes for disease management are the result of interactions between informed, active clients and a prepared and proactive team of clinicians and healthcare professionals.
List the elements of the ECCM.
Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Strengthen community action Delivery system design / re-orient health services Decision support Information systems
Explain the ECCM element “build healthy public policy.”
Policies should be developed and designed to improve population health, including legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and organizational change.
Explain the ECCM element “create supportive environments.”
The health system can have a role in promoting living and employment conditions that are safe and engaging within the larger community.
Explain the ECCM element “strengthen community action.”
Healthcare professionals and organizations should work with community groups to set priorities and achieve goals to improve the health of the community.
Explain the ECCM element “delivery system design / re-orient health services.”
Health services need to move beyond focusing entirely on clinical and curative services to supporting individuals and communities in a more holistic way. Health, not illness, should underpin healthcare work and should involve facilitating connections between the social, political and medical fields.
Explain the ECCM element “decision support.”
Evidence should be gathered and shared not just on disease and treatment but also on strategies for being well and staying healthy.
Explain the ECCM element “information systems.”
Technologies and information systems can play a role in making cases for new programs, evaluate existing programs, or make improvements and create efficiencies.
Name the guiding principle of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
Health practitioners should identify the expected outcomes they and their clients have and work backwards from those outcomes to determine the inputs required to achieve the outcomes.
What basic assumption does the PRECEDE-PROCEED model make?
It assumes that clients will participate actively to define their problems, establish their goals, and develop their solutions.
Define PRECEDE.
Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling Constructs in Educational and Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation. An educational diagnosis must precede the intervention development and implementation.
Define PROCEED.
Policy, Regulatory, Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development. It addresses the impact of environmental influences on health with regard to the implementation and evaluation of a program or intervention.
Name and explain the three types of factors that can influence the learner according to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
Predisposing factors: occur before the behaviour, and facilitate or hinder the client’s motivation to change. e.g. knowledge, attitude, expectations, perceived needs, and confidence held by the client and the health professional
Enabling factors: conditions that allow positive or negative behaviours to occur. e.g. availability, accessibility, and affordability of health resources that make it necessary to motive the client to take action; personal skills and abilities to perform behaviour; and conditions of living like childcare and transportation that may act as a barrier or a facilitator to action
Reinforcing factors: consequences of the behaviour that determine whether the client receives positive or negative feedback and social support. e.g. attitude and climate of support from service providers, family, social network or community groups, and the observable benefits of making the change
Define social support.
Social support refers to the positive health benefits that come from social relationships and interpersonal transactions.
Name the types of social support.
Emotional: empathy, trust, love, caring
Instrumental: tangible assistance and services such as money, time, or labour that directly help the person in need
Informational: advice, suggestions, and information that the person in need can use to solve their problems
Appraisal: information such as constructive feedback that helps the person in need evaluate him/herself and his/her behaviour
Define client-centred care.
Care that focuses on the individual (rather than statistical groups or populations). Health outcomes consider the client’s values and preferences.
