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PDHPE > Health Priorities > Flashcards

Health Priorities Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to prioritise health issues?

A
  • To reduce prevalence and incidence.
  • Identifying priority sub-groups and then using resources fairly and deciding where to allocate them.
  • Important to know what affects sub-groups. E.g. Lung cancer effecting ATSI
  • Reduce economic and health burden.
  • Determine what treatments or research needs to be put out there. E.g. prioritising issues such as cancer that through early intervention, the impact of which can be reduced.
    Enables us to move towards equitable health for all.
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2
Q

What are Health Priority Issues?

A

Those of greatest concern to governments and support organisations because of effect they have on overall health of Australians and burden of health on economy.

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3
Q

What is Health Status?

A

Pattern of health of the population in general, community or individual over period of time.

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4
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of disease among articular populations or groups.

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5
Q

Role of epidemiology?

A
  • Show incidence of morbidity & mortality
  • Prevalence of morbidity & mortality
  • Extent of the problem (distribution)
  • Factors directly linked to morbidity &mortality (apparent causes)
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6
Q

Limitations of epidemiology?

A
  • Impact on quality of life
  • Doesn’t depict variations between sub-groups
  • Doesn’t tell us why inequities occur
  • Cannot provide whole picture e.g. mental illness, why? underlying medical conditions
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7
Q

How do we use epidemiology to improve health of Australians?

A
  • Identify health inequities between sub-pops
  • Establish priorities, efficient use of funds
  • Develop preventative programs
  • Monitor and evaluate programs
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8
Q

Where is data for epidemiology collected?

A

Health surveys, health-related orgs, register of births & deaths, info from doctors

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9
Q

Who uses epidemiology?

A

Governments, health-related orgs

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10
Q

Why use these measures of health status? (epidemiology)

A

To obtain picture of health status of population. Used because this method is able to identify patterns of health & disease and analyse how services are being used.

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11
Q

Measures of health status?

A

Mortality
Infant Mortality
Life Expectancy
Morbidity

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12
Q

Mortality?

A

Number of deaths in given population from particular cause/over period of time.
- Can be used to compare health status across groups

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13
Q

Infant Mortality?

A

Number of infant deaths in first year of life.

  • Most important indicator of health status of nation.
  • Decline in infant mortality due to technology, immunisations, access to health services/info
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14
Q

Morbidity?

A 
Incidence & Prevalence of disease in given population. that doesn't result in death. 
Indicators: 
- health surveys
- Hospital admission rates
- Info about handicaps
- Medicare data
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15
Q

Life Expectancy?

A

Prediction indicating number of years person is likely to live based on current death rates.

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16
Q

How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified?

A
  • SJP
  • Priority Population Groups
  • Prevalence of condition
  • Costs to individual & community
  • Potential for prevention & early intervention
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17
Q

Why is it important to prioritise health issues?

A
  • To allocate resources fairly
  • Reduce prevalence/incidence
  • determine treatments/early intervention e.g. cancer
  • reduce emotional & economic burden
  • know what affects subgroups
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18
Q

What role do SJP play in health priorities?

A

Provide equally to to pop groups through equity, include people of all races, gender etc, give people more control over health, works with health promotion.

19
Q

Responsibility for HEALTH FACILITIES & SERVICES - commonwealth, state, local

A

INTER-SECTORAL

Commonwealth: funding to states, forming national health policies/legislation, devises health services for ATSI & Veterans, Medicare, PBS.

State: Delivery of health care services e.g. hospitals, rehab, womens’ clinics, dental. Carries out health promotion.

Local: Environmental control e.g. parks, hygiene. Range of personal, preventative and at-home health services e.g. Meals on Wheels, early childhood centres. Local implement state services e.g. vaccines.

20
Q

Roles of individuals, communities &governments in addressing health inequities experienced by ATSI

A

INTER-SECTORAL

Individual: making informed decisions (requires empowerment), improve ATSI peoples’ knowledge/skills, accepting diversity, positive health choices, participating in ATSI community initiatives, volunteering.

Communities: providing health information, advocate for change, awareness strategies, lobbying Govt, education programs for ATSi.

Government: funding ATSI programs, increasing doctors in ATSI communities, health promotion targeting ATSI (e.g. Closing the Gap), increasing access to and providing more culturally-appropriate health services.

21
Q

Priority Population Groups?

A

Those that do not achieve the same health outcomes in the area as the rest of the population.

22
Q

ATSI: Nature & Extent

A
  • 3% of population
  • Determinants determine differences
  • increase behavioural risks somewhat attributed to by lack of access
  • ATSI experience largest gap in health outcomes
  • Improved infant & child mortality rates
  • Improved avoidable mortality e.g. CVD
  • Lower life expectancy (10-17 yrs approx)
  • High chronic disease
  • Poorer self-reported health
  • higher likelihood of being hospitalised
23
Q

ATSI: Determinants

A

SOCIOCULTURAL: low community self-esteem, loss of dignity with communities, feeling of little control over physical environment, low morale due to restricted ability o connect with traditional culture, racism (stress factor), domestic violence (unsafe), history of discrimination & inequalities
SOCIOECONOMIC: lower average income, higher unemployment, poor education
ENVIRONMENTAL: poorer living conditions, shared housing, lower access, remote areas, limited safe water in some communities.

24
Q

RURAL & REMOTE: Nature & Extent

A
  • Approx 29% live in rr
  • Higher rates of burden of smoking, suicide, diabetes, coronary heart disease.
  • Less likely to seek medical help
  • Risk behaviours
  • Inequities linked to lack of health services & poorer indicators of health e.g. higher smoking
25
Q

RURAL &REMOTE: Determinants

A

SOCIOCULTRUAL: lacking in media therefore less health promotion & knowledge, family &peers passing on risk behaviours.
SOCIOECONOMIC: Typically lower levels of education, less employment opportunities, less income, affecting access. Less education on services, behaviour, disease, higher rates of blue-collar employment means increased injury & carcinogens.
ENVIRONMENTAL: Isolation from metropolitan areas reduces transport availability & thus access, increased exposure to natural disasters leading to road accidents and lack of transport, technology not as advanced.

26
Q

RURAL & REMOTE:Roles of individuals, communities &governments in addressing health inequities experienced by R&R

A

INTER-SECTORAL
Individuals:
- take responsibility for health- good decisions e.g. stay in school-> good jobs
- encourage protective behaviours
Communities:
- provide health care & support services e.g. multi-purpose service programs .
Gov:
- fund programs that deliver health care to r&r e.g. RFDS

27
Q

What is healthy ageing?

A

Maintaining physical activity, good dietary choices, regular socialisation & resilience with life’s circumstances as one ages.

28
Q

What is goal of healthy ageing?

A

To enable elderly to maintain health into old age, which allows them to

  • contribute to workforce longer
  • engage in society better
  • grow national and individual economy
  • less use & demand on health services
29
Q

Impact of healthy ageing on health services/volunteers?

A

Less demand. Economy grows as elderly can work longer. E.g. as result, retirement age has increased.

30
Q

Why is there increased population living with chronic disease & disability?

A

Increased survival rates.

31
Q

Impact of increased population living with chronic disease & disability on health care?

A

More demand for at-home support, resulting in

  • role of nurses expanding
  • workforce shortages
  • increased financial burden
  • increase in cost and systems are unsustainable, won’t be able to pay if workforce shortages.
  • Increase in workers needed i.e. cleaners.
32
Q

Response of Gov to reduce economic burden caused by increase chronic disease etc. in elderly

A

Gov seeks to help reduce economic burden by having e.g. means-tested pension.

33
Q

Response to demand for health services & workforce shortages

A

Gov seeks to:

  • provide more nurses in emergency
  • expand role of nurses
  • increase community care services e.g. meals on wheels
34
Q

Impact of elderly people suffering poor health that leads to shortages means gov seeks to…

A
  • have means-tested pension
  • employers & voluntary contribute to superannuation
  • overall reduce economic burden
35
Q

Impact of growing ageing pop on carers & volunteers

A
  • growing ageing make up large amount of volunteers and therefore, volunteer numbers have dropped which is problem in catering for elderly.
  • as result, more demand put on informal support e.g. family
  • projected little growth in numbers compared with anticipated rise for at-home support
36
Q

What is primary health care?

A

Person’s first contact with health system and typically outside hospital system. Includes health promotion and prevention. Includes general medical practitioners, dentists, nurses. Gateway to wider health system through assessments and referrals- secondary health care.

37
Q

What is secondary health care?

A

Provided by specialist upon referral by primary health care. Includes specialist practices and hospitals. E.g. might go to doctor for broken bone, they refer to physio or x-ray to determine extent.
Neither work in isolation.

38
Q

What is institutional health care?

A

public, private & acute-care hospitals (surgical, medical etc.), public psychiatric hospitals, nursing homes, ambulance.

39
Q

What is non-institutional health care?

A

medical services (GPs), Dental, Pharmacy, Research, Community & Public Health, Community Health Promotion & Health Services, Provision of aids & appliances e.g. hearing aids.

40
Q

Levels of Gov responsibilities for health services & health care

A

Commonwealth:

  • policy & legislation
  • funding to state
  • hospitals
  • fund Medicare & PBS & health promotion strategies

State:

  • Provide health services including hospitals, ATSI, women etc.
  • Help carry out health promotion e.g. Towards 0 ads

Local:

  • Action policies e.g. parks.
  • Community health services & clinics
  • Early childhood centres
  • Local health promotion e.g. relay for life
  • Waste disposal
  • services e.g. meals on wheels
41
Q

What is health care expenditure?

A

Allocation of funding and other economic resources for the provision and consumption of health services. HCE has been steadily increasing and will continue when the focus is on curative services.

42
Q

What is early intervention & prevention?

A

Approaches and activities aimed tat reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual. Relates to criteria for identifying priority health issues.

43
Q

Why is early intervention & prevention ultimately better than curative?

A

Because it has a greater impact on life and life expectancy as well as decreasing the burden on the health care system.

PDHPE (2 decks)

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