Health Policy Flashcards
When did evidence based medicine come about?
1997
What is evidence based medicine?
The conscientious explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
Where was evidence based medicine founded?
Canada
What is in the evidence based medicine triad?
Patient values and expectations
Individual clinical expertise
Best external evidence
Most common type of study to test drugs?
Randomised controlled trials
Levels of evidence? (Lowest to highest)
In vitro Animal research Ideas, editorials, opinions Case reports Case series Case controlled studies Cohort studies Randomised controlled double blind studies Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
What are the five steps of evidence-based medicine?
1) ask a clinical question
2) acquire the best evidence
3) appraise the evidence
4) apply the evidence
5) assess performance
Types of none research scientific evidence?
Case report Technical note Pictorial essay Review Commentary Editorial Letter to the editor Others Non-scientific material
Types of secondary research papers?
systematic review
Meta-analysis
Difference between systematic review and meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis is a type of systematic review that uses quantitative methods to summarise results
What is level 1 evidence?
conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given therapy is beneficial, useful and effective
What is level of the 2 evidence?
Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a therapy
What is level 2a evidence?
weight of evidence/opinion is in favour of its usefulness/efficacy
What is level 2b evidence?
Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion
What is level 3 evidence?
conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a therapy is not useful/effective and, in some cases, may be harmful
What is grade A of recommendation?
data derived from multiple randomised clinical trials or meta-anaylses
What is grade B of recommendation?
data derived from a single randomised clinical trial or large non-randomised studies
What is grade C of recommendation?
Only concensus of opinions of experts, case studies or standard of care
What is a case report?
Description of a single case with unique features
What is a commentary?
a short article that describes the author’s personal experience of a specific topic
What is a technical note?
a description of a specific technique or procedure, modification of an existing technique or new equipment available
What is an editorial?
most often, a short review or critique of original articles accepted for publication in the same journal, a brief description of a subject that does not warrant a full review or to draw attention to very recent innovations or of interest to readers
What is a pictorial essay?
A teaching article that relies on the quality of its images. Text is usually limited
What is a letter to the editor?
Letters are usually short can be of any subject of interest to the journal reader. Authors are typically invited to make a written response
IMRAD acronym?
Introduction Methods Results And Discussion
