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Health Occ > Health Occ, Ch 13 Preventing Infection > Flashcards

Health Occ, Ch 13 Preventing Infection Flashcards

1
Q

A small (micro) living plant or animal (organism) that cannot be seen w/o a microscope

A

microorganisms

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2
Q

Microorganisms that are infections and considered harmful are called ___.

A

pathogens

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3
Q

Microorganisms that do not usually cause an infection are called _____.

A

nonpathogens

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4
Q

Microorganism found in human blood that can cause an infection

A

bloodborne pathogens

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5
Q

Bloodborne pathogens can be found in body fluids such as (4)…

A

semen, vaginal secretions, draining wounds, mucous membranes (mouth, nose, eyes, lining of mouth and rectum [pink moist tissue])

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6
Q

Classifications of Microorganisms (5)

A

-bacteria
-protozoa
-fungi
-rickettsiae
-viruses

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7
Q

-microscopic plant life that multiplies rapidly
-One-celled
-Often called “germs”
-Classified by shape and arrangement
-killed by antibiotics

A

bacteria

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8
Q

round or spherical in shape-caused diseases such as gonorrhea and strep throat

A

cocci

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9
Q

od-shaped bacteria-many contain flagella (thread-like projections similar to a tail) that allow it to move-cause diseases such as TB (tuberculosis), botulism, and tetanus

A

bacilli

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10
Q

bacteria that are spiral or corkscrew shaped- cause diseases such as malaria (caused by mosquito) and amebic dysentery (diarrhea so bad it kills)

A

spirilla

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11
Q

-Some bacteria have the ability to form a hard shell
-This is a defense mechanism when conditions growth are poor
-This makes the bacteria VERY difficult to kill

A

spores

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12
Q

______ infection caused by a spore (can kill; elder high risk)

A

Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff)

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13
Q

-Microscopic one-celled ANIMALS
-Often found in decayed materials and contaminated water
-Many contain flagella which allow them to move freely

A

protozoa

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14
Q

Protozoa cause diseases such as…. (3)

A

malaria, amebic dysentery, and trichomonas (sexually transmitted)

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15
Q

-Simple plant-like organism
-Lives on dead organic material
-not killed by antibiotics (treated by antifungals)

A

fungi

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16
Q

What are three common types of fungi?

A

Mushrooms, yeasts, and molds

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17
Q

What diseases are caused by fungi? (4)

A

ringworm, athlete’s foot, thrush (in mouth; hairy white tongue & cheeks), and vaginitis

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18
Q

-Parasitic microorganisms that cannot live outside the cells of another living organism
-Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects
-treated with antibiotics

A

Rickettsiae

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19
Q

Rickettsiae is commonly found in… (4)

A

fleas, lice, ticks, and mites

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20
Q

Rickettsiae causes diseases such as _______ (somewhat common)(causes fever & spots)

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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21
Q

-Smallest microorganisms (can only be seen with an electron microscope)
-Only able to reproduce when in another living cell
-Spread from human to human by blood and body secretions
-Very difficult to kill- not affected by antibiotics

A

Viruses

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22
Q

Viruses cause diseases such as the… (6)

A

common cold, flu, chicken pox, measles, mumps, herpes, & polio

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23
Q

Three diseases caused by viruses that are a major concern of healthcare workers are… (3)

A
  • Hepatitis B (kill liver & chronic disease)
    - Hepatitis C (kill liver & chronic disease)
    - HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
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24
Q

-Microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics
-Caused by doctors overprescribing antibiotics or not completing the full dose of antibiotics

A

MDROs (Multidrug Resistant Organisms)

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25
Q

MDROs stand for…

A

Multidrug Resistant Organisms (including antibiotics)

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26
Q

Almost always spread by direct or indirect contact

A

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

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27
Q

acquired in healthcare facilities (more serious; treated w/ IV antibiotics)

A

HA-MRSA (hospital- acquired MRSA)

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28
Q

becoming more common & usually appears as boil or pimple

A

CA-MRSA (community -associated MRSA)

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29
Q

-Spread by direct or indirect contact
-Difficult to treat
-May need treatment of multiple medications (may have forever)

A

VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus)

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30
Q

-Microorganisms that usually live & grow in certain areas
-beneficial in maintaining certain when in natural site
-nonpathogens when in natural site
-If transferred from natural site, becomes pathogen & causes an infection

A

Normal Flora

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31
Q

Examples of Normal Flora… (2)

A

-E. coli normally found in intestines
-Staphylococcus found on the skin

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32
Q

A disease state resulting from the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the body (2 types= localized & systematic)

A

infection

33
Q

confined to a specific body part

A

Localized infection

34
Q

involves the whole body -also called sepsis=infection in the bloodstream

A

Systemic infection

35
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Infections… (12)

A

-fever
-pain/tenderness
-confusion (mainly elderly)
-rash
-chills
-nausea/vomiting
-weakness
-sores on mucous membranes (fever blister)
-discharge/drainage (puss)
-swelling (edema)
-redness
-headache

36
Q

pathogen that can cause an infection

A

source

37
Q

place where pathogens can grow or multiply
may be human, plant, animal, soil, water, or food

A

reservoir/host

38
Q

if reservoir/host has no signs/symptoms of infection & can pass the pathogen on to others, they are called ___.

A

carriers

39
Q

way for the pathogen to leave the reservoir

A

portal of exit

40
Q

Portals of exit/Portals of entry in the human body…

A

-Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
-Respiratory tract
-Urinary tract
-Reproductive tract
-Breaks in skin
-Blood

41
Q

method by which pathogens travel to new reservoir

A

mode of transmission

42
Q

Mode of transmission methods… (6)

A

-direct contact (sexual contact, touching)
-food/water
-airborne
-insects
-animals
-indirect contact (wound dressings, eating utensils)

43
Q

way for the pathogen to enter a new reservoir

A

portal of entry

44
Q

whether the pathogen grows or multiplies depend on if the new reservoir is a person at risk for an infection

A

susceptible host

45
Q

Ability to resist infection is related to… (7)

A

-Age (elderly and infants at higher risk)
-Nutritional status
-Stress
-Medications
-Fatigue
-Presence of disease or injury (chronic illnesses)
-General health

46
Q

If any part of the chain can be eliminated, the spread of disease or infection can be broken
It is imperative that members of the health care team make efforts to ______.
Preventing pathogen transmission is a continuous process

A

break the chain of infection

47
Q

-AKA nosocomial infection
-Infection that develops in a person cared for in any setting where health care is given (dr. office, dentist, hospital, etc.)
-Microorganisms responsible are usually present in the health care facility and are transmitted by health care workers to the patient
-Can cause serious and life-threatening infection

A

Healthcare-Associated Infection(HAI)

48
Q

Most common sites for nosocomial infections or Healthcare-Associated Infection(HAI) are…. (4)

A

-urinary system
-wounds
-respiratory system
-bloodstream

49
Q

-Being free of disease-producing microorganisms
-A major way to break the chain of infection
-Handwashing is the most important method used to practice technique

A

Asepsis

50
Q

any object or area that may contain pathogens (infectious microorganism)

A

Contaminated

51
Q

____ is the most important method used to practice aseptic technique

A

Handwashing

52
Q

“clean technique”- practices used to remove or destroy pathogens and to prevent their spread from one person/place to another- does not kill spores

A

Medical Asepsis

53
Q

Examples of chemical disinfectant used on objects/surfaces…

A

lysol, bleach, ammonia

54
Q

Examples of Germicides/Antiseptics used on skin/tissue…

A

alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine/biodine

55
Q

-“sterile technique”- practices that make equipment and supplies (not people) free of all pathogens and nonpathogens
-Only process that kills spores
-Steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals can be used to sterilize objects

A

Surgical Asepsis

56
Q

An _____ is the most common form of sterilization

A

autoclave

57
Q

Guidelines set by _____________ for disease prevention.
-Purpose: To prevent the spread of a communicable, or contagious, disease
-Based on Clean vs. Dirty

A

CDC (Centers for Disease Control)

58
Q

areas or objects that are uncontaminated-free of pathogens

A

clean

59
Q

objects/areas that are contaminated

A

dirty

60
Q

-Practices designed to reduce the risk of spreading pathogens from both known and unknown infections
-Designed to prevent infection from blood, body fluid, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes
-Every body fluid must be considered potential sources of infection
-Used for every patient at all times

A

Standard Precautions

61
Q

-Developed for persons with infections that require precautions in addition to standard precautions
-Required for patients with communicable (contagious) diseases

A

Transmission-Based Precautions

62
Q

Type of transmission based precautions used is determined by the __ ___ (SOURCE) and on how the ____ _ _____(MODE OF TRANSMISSION)

A

causative organism; organism is transmitted

63
Q

Three Types of Transmission-based Precautions…

A

-Airborne Precautions
-Droplet Precautions
-Contact Precautions

64
Q

For known or suspected infections involving microorganisms transmitted by airborne droplets= small particles of evaporated droplets containing the microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air

A

airborne precautions

65
Q

Examples of diseases used for airborne precautions are… (4)

A

TB, chicken pox, measles, & COVID

66
Q

Airborne Precaution Requirements… (4)

A

-Private room w/ door closed (=no travel)
-Mask worn by caregivers/visitors
-For patients with suspected TB or COVID, N-95 mask must be worn and room air must be filtered
-Patient must wear mask when being transported

67
Q

For known or suspected infections involving microorganisms transmitted by large droplets generated by coughing, sneezing, and talking

A

Droplet Precautions

68
Q

Examples of diseases used for Droplet Precautions include… (5)

A

meningitis, pneumonia, influenza, mumps, and scarlet fever

69
Q

Droplet Precaution Requirements include… (3)

A

-Private room
-Mask must be worn for anyone entering room
-Patient wears mask when out of room

70
Q

For known or suspected infections involving microorganisms transmitted by direct or indirect contact such as in respiratory, GI, skin, or wound infections

A

Contact Precautions

71
Q

Examples of infections that use contact precautions include… (5)

A

E. coli, C. diff, lice & scabies (bedbugs), and staphylococcus (MRSA)

72
Q

Contact Precaution Requirements include… (5)

A

-Private room
-Gloves upon entering room
-Gown
-Remove gloves and gown before leaving room
-All equipment used for patient, such as stethoscope, must be left in the room, and then disinfected when removed from the room

73
Q

-Also called Protective Isolation or Neutropenic (=WBC’s) Precautions
-NOT one of the transmission based precautions
-Isolation which provides protection to patients who have a decreased immune system

A

Reverse Isolation

74
Q

Diseases that use reverse isolation include… (3)

A

cancer, HIV, or severe burns

75
Q

Reverse Isolation Requirements include… (3)

A

-Private room
-Staff wears mask and gloves when in room
-Patient wear mask if out of room

76
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus

77
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

78
Q

C. diff

A

Clostridium difficile

79
Q

E. coli

A

Escherichia coli

Health Occ (4 decks)

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