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Block One > Health, Metabolism and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Health, Metabolism and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the Cell Cycle.

A
  1. G0 - Resting/Quiescent
  2. G1 - Gap 1. Cells can enter from M or G0.
  3. S Phase - DNA Synthesis/replication
  4. G2 - Gap 2.
    M Phase -Mitosis
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2
Q

What is the difference between Meiosis and Mitosis?

A

Mitosis
A cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis is primarily used for growth and replacing worn out cells.
Meiosis
A cell divides twice to produce four daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis is used to produce gametes for sexual reproduction, such as egg and sperm cells

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3
Q

Explain what a Chromosome is and what two things makes up one chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are the molecular structures that contain genetic information.
During mitosis, they condense to form X-shaped structures consisting of sister chromatids.

  1. Chromatin
  2. DNA plus proteins (histones)
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4
Q

Describe the three parts of a chromosome structure.

A

Centromere- Occurs in Mitosis where it condenses down into an X shape.
Telomere - At the bases of the chromosomes (Made of DNA proteins to protect the chromosomes)
Chromatids - The arms and legs of the chromosome.

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5
Q

What are the 7 phases of Mitosis?

A

1.Interphase (The cell grows and duplicates DNA)
2. Prophase (Spindle poles appears)
3. Prometaphase
4. Metaphase
5. Anaphase
6. Telophase
7. Interface (Cells split)

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6
Q

Explain the 4 types of Cellular Adaptations that can occur in the body.

A
  1. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue and they must be able to divide.
  2. Hypertrophy is an increase is an increase in cell size - an increase in cellular contents.
  3. Atrophy is a reduction in cell size involving internal digestion
  4. Metaplasia is a reversible change from one cell type to another cell type - it usually occurs in epithelia and can later develop into cancer
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7
Q

What is a Genome?

A

The genome is the complete (haploid) set of genetic material in an organism. (What makes us, us!). 23 pairs of chromosomes typically.

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8
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

Genotype + Environment = Phenotype.

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9
Q

Explain what a ‘wild type allele’ is.

A

If a gene is polymorphic (multiple versions in the community) then the most common gene is called the wild type.

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10
Q

Explain what homozygous and heterozygous means.

A

Homozygous is 2 identical alleles (a set in a DNA pattern).
Heterozygous is 2 differnet alleles (a set in a DNA pattern).

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11
Q

Explain A, B and O alleles and their interaction with each other.

A

A and B alleles are co-dominant with respect to each other.
A and B alleles are both dominant with regard to the O allele.
O allele is recessive with respect to A and B alleles.

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12
Q

What is a Macromolecule?

A

A large molecule.

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13
Q

Name the 4 key biological macromolecules.

A
  1. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) - Information storage.
  2. Proteins - Enzymatic Catalysis, Antibodies, Structural an Contractile proteins, Gas transport.
  3. Carbohydrates - Energy source, antigens.
  4. Lipids - Energy Source, membrane components.
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14
Q

What do DNA, RNA and proteins create?

A

Life!

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15
Q

What does DNA and RNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribose nucleic acid.

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16
Q

DNA and RNA are Nucleotides. But what is a Nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), phosphate and a variable ‘base’. The bases then form a sequence.

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17
Q

What is a Protein?

A

Proteins are polymers of 20 different kinds of amino acids – the amino acids form a sequence that determines the protein shape and therefore its function.

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18
Q

What cell structure encodes amino acid sequences of proteins and in turn controls everything in the body?

A

DNA sequences (genes).

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19
Q

What are the 4 bases and the 2 pairs?

A

A with T
G with C

Bound together by H bonds.

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20
Q

What are the two main functions of DNA?

A

1) To contain information on what proteins to make
2) To pass that information on to daughter cells

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21
Q

Sugar Phosphate + Base = ?

A

Nucleotide.

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22
Q

Explain what semi conservative DNA replication means? Think about the X,Y,XX,XY system.

A

The original parent molecule (A, B strand) will create two daughter molecules (A, B) and (A, B). Both of these molecules will create an additional 2 molecules each.
(Draw the diagram to show understanding)

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23
Q

What are the four levels of protein structures?

A
  1. Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acid residues in the polypeptide.
    2.Secondary structure refers to the arrangement of helices, strands and loop regions.
    3.Tertiary structure refers to the overall shape when amino acid side chains are included.
    4.Quaternary structure refers to multiple polypeptide chains and non-polypeptide elements.
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24
Q

Give an example of a Quaternary structure?

A

Haemoglobin.

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25
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues.

26
Q

What makes up a human organ cell?

A

Nucleus (Stores our DNA)
Cytoplasm
Other organelles

27
Q

What are the five key human tissue categories?

A

Epithelia
Blood
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle

28
Q

What is Epithelia?

A

Epithelial tissue covers and lines body surfaces, cavities and tubes. It creates a protective barrier.

29
Q

What is blood made out of?

A

Cells
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - Carry O2 and remove CO2)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) - Immunity and Defence
Plasma
Fluid
Proteins

30
Q

Describe loose and dense connective tissues.

A

Dense connective tissue is what builds up a physical support such as skin or tendons.

Loose connective tissue is known as packing/wrapping around things like the gut.

31
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Visceral or smooth muscle

32
Q

What is the term for the study of abnormal cells/tissues?

A

Histopathology.

33
Q

What is the most commonly used histological stain

A

Hematoxylin.

34
Q

What are the 4 criteria in Koch’s postulates theory.

A

The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and not in healthy individuals

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown in a pure culture

When a healthy individual is inoculated with the cultured microorganism, the disease must develop

The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated individual and identified as the original microorganism

35
Q

What is a virus?

A

An infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

Eg/. Influenza / Rhinovirus / Coronavirus
Rotavirus / Norovirus
Herpes simplex / Chickenpox
EBV / CMV
HAV / HBV / HCV / HEV
HIV
Dengue / Zika
Ebola / Lassa
Smallpox

36
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

A single cell organism.

37
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

DNA as multiple chromosomes in a nucleus (eukaryotes)
Independent metabolism & organelles

38
Q

What is a fungi?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.

39
Q

How is bacteria classed?

A

Gram = positive or negative
Shape = coccus or bacillus/rod

40
Q

What are the 4 groups of Bacteria

A

Gram positive cocci eg. Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species

Gram positive bacilli eg. Lactobacilli species, Bacillus anthracis,

Gram negative cocci eg. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae

Gram negative bacilli eg. Escherichia coli, Salmonella species

41
Q

What does a symbiotic relationship mean between two organisms?

A

Close & often long-term interaction between two different species.

42
Q

What does a commensal relationship mean between two organisms?

A

Symbiotic relationship between two different species where one derives some benefit & the other is unaffected

43
Q

What does the term colonisation mean in Microbiology?

A

When a microbe grows on or in another organism without causing any disease.

44
Q

What does the term ‘infection’ mean?

A

The invasion & multiplication of microbes in an area of the body where they are not normally present.

45
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organism that is able to cause disease.

46
Q

What does an obligate pathogen mean?

A

A pathogen that must cause disease in order to be transmitted from one host to another. These pathogens must also infect a host in order to survive, in contrast to other pathogens that are capable of survival outside of a host.

47
Q

What does the term opportunistic pathogen mean?

A

A pathogen that takes advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers.

48
Q

What is a Parasite?

A

Old-fashioned term for pathogens that are protozoa or metazoa (worms & ecto-parasites).

49
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeo - Human
Stasis - Equilibrium.

Maintains body in state of balance despite external systems.

50
Q
A
50
Q
A
50
Q

Describe metabolism.

A

The chemical reactions within an organism.

51
Q

Three key reasons to why homeostasis is important.

A
  1. Optimal functioning - maintaining internal conditions.
  2. Adaptability - adjusting to its environment.
  3. Disease Prevention - when homeostasis is interrupted.
52
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Hormones that travel through the blood, regulating many bodily processes.

53
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

It uses the electrical signals and chemical synapses between neurons to monitor, evaluate and regulate the body.

54
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A
55
Q

Name 3 forms of macronutrients.

A

Carbohydrates - Energy course, control of glucose.
Lipids - Storing energy.
Proteins - Growth and maintenance in cells.

56
Q

Name two forms of micronutrients.

A

Vitamins - Essential for growth/nutrition. Cannot be synthesised by body. Excess is excreted.
Minerals

57
Q

Name the 2 classifications of Vitamins.

A

Water Soluble + Fat Soluble

Vitamin B + C water soluble
Everything else is fat soluble.

58
Q

Name 5 minerals.

A

Iron; Calcium; Zinc; Magnesium + Potassium.

59
Q

What is basal metabolism?

A

Energy required to keep body functioning at rest.

60
Q
A

Block One (3 decks)

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