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Health & Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

how many people die of epilepsy each year?

A

250,000

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2
Q

what causes seizures/epilepsy?

A

intermittent paroxysms (outbursts) of disordered electrical activity in the brain causing loss/alteration of consciousness and usually convulsions.

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3
Q

ways to test epilepsy

A

- blood test - could your seizures be due to low blood sugar?

- ECG - an EEG but for your heart - could your seizures be from abnormal electrical activity of your heart?

- MRI - does something structural in your brain indicate epilepsy? 

- EEG - do you have epilptiform discharges that suggest epilepsy?

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4
Q

status epilepticus

A

seizure longer than 5 mins, or two or more seizures occurring during 5 minutes when the person does not recover between seizures. Can be convulsive or non-convulsiv e. Can be life-threatening so requires emergency treatment.

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5
Q

details about putting on an EEG

A

1.5 - 2 hours to put on do test and take off

- mark head with marker so know where to put electrodes

- clean each mark with soap so recording will be clear and collect the information desired

- use sticky salt-based paste to stick on the electrodes.

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6
Q

epilepsy affects 1 in every x people

A

200. it is one of the most common neurological diseases

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7
Q

what type of electrodes have lower fidelity?

A

dry or semi-dry. 

gel electrodes have higher fidelity but take longer to put on

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8
Q

what is used to stick electrodes onto head? Why?

A

sticky salt-based paste

1. conductive (electrical charge can pass through it) so helps record signals from your brain

2. makes sure electrodes stay in place during recording

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9
Q

Tonic clonic

A

Tonic where body becomes rigid
Clonic uncontrollable jerking

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10
Q

where should not EEG be stored?

A

away from 

- large electronic machines as the electrical current may add unwanted noise to your data

- loud noises - can distract patient and interfere with data collection

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11
Q

refractory seizures

A

seizures that don’t respond to medication
drug-resistant seizures

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12
Q

which electrode types are quicker at collecting data?

A

dry or semi-dry electrodes as they take less time to set up compared to gel electrodes

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13
Q

unknown onset

A

when doctors are not sure where in the brain the seizure starts - due to the person being asleep or no one being around to witness it. 

If it is not generalised or focal it is xx xx.

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14
Q

what other disorders can EEG diagnose?

A

insomnia

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15
Q

causes of death in epilepsy

A

- falls

- drowning

- status elipticus 

- SUDEP

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16
Q

What to do if someone is having a seizure

A
  • only move them if they’re in danger i.e. near a busy road
  • make sure they can breathe, remove neck ties etc.
  • turn them on their side in the recovery position
  • note the time the seizure starts and finishes
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17
Q

SDI is correlated with

A

health outcomes

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18
Q

ecoanxiety

A

anxiety caused by dread of environmental issues e.g. climate change

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the placenta

A

provides oxygen and nutrients to the baby and removes waste from the baby’s blood

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20
Q

The endocrine system is made up of

A

Glands and organs

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21
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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22
Q

Valium is used to treat

A

anxiety, alcohol withdrawals
sometimes seizures and muscle spasms

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23
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Your immune system does not produce enough, or cells do not react enough to insulin

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24
Q

Polygenic disease

A

genetic disease caused by more than one gene

Often multiple genes are affected and all of these genes combined leads to a risk of the disease. e.g. diabetes.

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25
Q

what do the cranial nerves do

A

pass information to your brain regarding your senses (sight, taste, etc)

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26
Q

What 3 things are measured to produce a country’s SDI?

A

Economy - income per capita

Education - average education attainment

Fertiflity rates

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27
Q

Why are polygenic diseases called ‘complex’ diseases?

A

Because they are determined by the interaction between several different genes as well as environmental factors.
Their causes are not always clear, unlike monogenic which are clearly caused by a single gene.

E.g. Many people will have Type 2 diabetes, a common polygenic disease, but we do not know the exact causes of this yet as there are many genes involved that must be affected, as well as lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise that may or may not lead to the disease.

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28
Q

What is GABA

A

A neurotransmitter

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29
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Immune system attacks or destroys cells that produce insulin so glucose can’t get into your blood stream

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30
Q

what do coronary arteries do?

A

supply blood to the heart

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31
Q

Which are rarer? Monogenic or polygenic diseases?

A

Monogenic

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32
Q

how does phenibut work?

A

it inhibits overly stimulated neurons because it raises GABA levels in your brain

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33
Q

What is the main function of the prostrate?

A

Produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

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34
Q

4 functions of estrogen

A

NAME?

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35
Q

What are the main glands in the endocrine system?

A

NAME?

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36
Q

what are a few examples of types of cardiovascular disease

A

coronary heart diease (e.g. heart attacks and heart failure)

strokes

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37
Q

What do ovaries do?

A

They produce, store and release eggs through the fallopian tubes during ovulation.

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38
Q

The hypothalamus maintains your body’s balanced state called

A

homeostasis

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39
Q

Benzodiazepines are used for

A

anxiety, seizures and insomnia

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40
Q

Valium is also known as

A

Diazepam

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41
Q

What do tau proteins do?

A

Help stabilise the internal skeleton of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain

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42
Q

Venae cavae

A

The two large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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43
Q

why is it called a retrovirus?

A

retro meaning reverse
a retrovirus turns its RNA into DNA through a process called reverse transcriptase 
Normal transcription is when DNA turns into RNA - hence this process being reversed

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44
Q

List 6 things the hypothalamus helps regulate

A

NAME?

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45
Q

What two hormones do ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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46
Q

Where is your pancreas located?

A

In your abdomen, beside your stomach

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47
Q

What two proteins cause Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid and Tau proteins

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48
Q

What do benzodiazapine drugs do neurochemically?

A

They increase the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA

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49
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation 

way to treat depression by stimulating nerves in the brain through a magnetic pulse

50
Q

3 Examples of monogenic diseases

A

Sickle cell anemia

Cystic Fibrosis

Huntington’s Disease

51
Q

why did lobotomies stop

A

they didn’t appear to work, patients could still function but most became very apathetic and ‘slow’

also, medicines were invented in the 1950s that proved to cure mental disorders and became very popular

52
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A
  1. Digestion - produces a watery, alkaline substance which breaks down food into small molecules
  2. Controls blood sugar levels
53
Q

When is melatonin released at its peak?

A

During the middle of the night.

It will then drop significantly once it is morning.

54
Q

Name the 4 humours

A

Blood (sanguine)
yellow bile (choleric)
black bile (melancholic)
phlegm (phlegmatic)

55
Q

Way to remember the main glands in the endocrine system

A

PPPOT/THA - Sounds like Professor Quirrel saying “Harry P-p-potter”
3 Ps, 2 Ts, OHA

Pineal
Pituitary
Pancreas
Ovaries/Testes
Thyroid
Hypothalamus
Andrenal

56
Q

Monogenic diseases

A

Diseases caused by one gene

57
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

you become very tired, pee a lot, lose weight, heal slowly - can lead to damaged kidneys, heart, eyes and feet

58
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Where a fetus grows

Uterus = womb

59
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Sends calming messages to the body; reduces neural excitability

60
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

A

controls cognitive tasks such as:
- decision making
- novelty detection
- working memory
- mood regulation
- theory of mind processing
- controlling impulses
- abstract reasoning
- timing

61
Q

Diazepam (Valium) and Xanax are types of

A

benzodiazepines

62
Q

What does the hormone melatonin do?

A

Helps control your sleep cycle by regulating circandian rhythms

63
Q

the Medicine’s Act was developed because of

A

the thalidomide tragedy, where many people were taking the drug to prevent neausea but it caused deformities in foetuses.

64
Q

The hypothalamus links the

A

endocrine and nervous systems via the pituitary gland

65
Q

5 examples of polygenic diseases

A

Coronary artery disease

Type 2 diabetes

Alzheimer’s Disease

Cancer

Schizophrenia

66
Q

EEG artifacts

A

recorded activity that is not from the brain e.g. eye movement, pulse, sweat, etc.

Artifacts can be mistaken as cerebral signals, making it difficult to diagnose epilepsy

67
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

20,000 - 25,000

68
Q

How does the hypothalamus ensure homeostasis?

A

Either by directly influcing the nervous system or by excreting hormones via the pituitary gland

69
Q

where is DNA stored?

A

in chromosomes 

70
Q

What did the Flexner Report say had to change in medical training?

A

- higher admission standards to medical school 
- higher standards for gradation
- based on science 
lots of black medical schools were closed as a result

71
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s?

A

The build up of amyloid and tau proteins in the brain over the course of decades.

72
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

the body’s chemical communication system

It is made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, thereby regulating metabolism, growth, stress, mood, etc.

73
Q

signs of a cardic arrest

A

Sudden loss of consciousness, shortness of breath, heart stops beating, death within a few minutes

74
Q

what are the main diseases CAD can lead to

A

heart attack
heart failure
arrhythmias

75
Q

what type of cholesterol is considered bad and why

A

LDL - low-density lipoprotein
it accumulates cholesterol/plauqe in your arteries

76
Q

which type of cholesterol is considered good and why

A

HDL - high-density lipoprotein
it removes excess cholesterol from your arteries

77
Q

what are the two main types of cholesterol that build up to cause CAD

A

LDL - low-density lipoprotien
HDL - hgih-density liproprotein

78
Q

what is the main thing that makes up plaques that cause CAD

A

cholesterol

79
Q

what is CAD

A

coronary artery disease
when blood vessels that sypply oxygen and nutrients to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to a build up of plaques

80
Q

can CAD be cured

A

no, but it can be slowed or halted

81
Q

name the 6 most common types of cardiovascular disease

A
  1. coronary artery disease (CAD)
  2. heart attack (myocardial infarction)
  3. heart failure
  4. arrhythmias
  5. hypertension (high blood pressure)
  6. stroke
82
Q

what is high blood pressure known as

A

hypertension

83
Q

what is a heart attack medically called

A

Myocardial Infarction

84
Q

what type of diseases are the leading causes of death?

A

cardiovascular diseases

85
Q

cardiovascular diseases affect

A

heart and blood vessels

86
Q

How do people get neurocysticercosis?

A

By ingesting tapeworm eggs, usually from uncooked pork.

When these eggs are in human bloodstream, the larvae can travel to the human brain and form cysts, causing neurocysticercosis.

87
Q

What example does Victor Patterson use to show how apps have fewer misdiagnoses for epilepsy than paper-based methods?

A

He compares his app (Epilepsy Diagnostic Aid) to a paper by Krishnan Anand (2005).

His app only has 8% misdognoses compared to Anand’s 25%.

88
Q

What did Kunal Bahrani’s 2017 publication show?

A

In-person consultations and telephone consulations had the same level of seizure control and medication adherence.

89
Q

What part of diagnosis does Victor Patterson’s EDA app aim to solve?

A

Is the episode epileptic or not?
The first question answered when disgnosing epilepsy.

90
Q

What are 7 questions that need to be answered for epilepsy diagnosis and treatment?

A

Is the episode epileptic or not?

If so, is it provoked or symptomatic?

What seizure types are present?

What is the epilepsy type?

What investigations have been done?

What treatment is being taken?

What is the besttreatment?

91
Q

ictal phase

A

the middle phase of a seizure - when the actual seizure happens and most of the the electrical activity is occurring

92
Q

Roughly how many people die every year from epilepsy?

A

~250,000

93
Q

Epilepsy affects 1 in ___ people. affedt.

A

200

94
Q

What is a parastic disease of the central nervous system that frequently causes seizures and epilepsy?

A

neurocysticersosis

95
Q

Give an example of a study where in-person epilepsy consultations vs telephone consultations showed same levels of seizure control and adherence.

Give first author, date and country

A

Kunal Bahrani - First Author
2017
India

96
Q

What was the sensitivity and specificity of Victor Patterson’s Epilepsy Diagnostic Aid app in 2015?

A

Sensitivity 88%
Specificity 100%

97
Q

Who invented the four humours

A

Greek physician Hippocrates

98
Q

precision medicine

A

personalised medicine, taking into account genetics, environment and lifestyle to provide someone with the best treatment for them

99
Q

Rx

A

prescription

so focus on prescribed rather than over-the counter medicines

100
Q

RWD

A

real world data
data collected during routine clinical care, mobile applications, wearables, etc. that are from real-world pateint experiences

101
Q

RWE

A

real world evidence (not RCTs which are under controlled settings)

102
Q

what are genes?

A

sections of DNA that contain instructions for how to make molecules (usually proteins) 

103
Q

excitation-transfer theory

A

if you feel a strong emotions from one stimuli (anger, excitement, fear, etc.) this feeling will carry over when you encounter a following stimuli and can result in you feeling unnecessarily heightened emotions

104
Q

encephalo- (Greek meaning)

A

brain

105
Q

GABA stands for

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid

106
Q

Suture

A

Closing a wound with stitching.
The doctor xxd a wound

107
Q

Vasectomy

A

Surgical procedure to cut or seal tubes that carry men’s sperm. Male infertility.

108
Q

encephalopathy

A

damage or disease of the brain

109
Q

haemophilia

A

genetic disorder that reduces the abaility to make blood clots, so you bleed for longer and are at greater risk of bleeding internally

110
Q

syncope (sin - ko - pee)

A

fainting

111
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

Brain condition caused by repeated blows to the head and repeated concussion.

Usually experienced by sport athletes.

112
Q

CTE stands for

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

113
Q

GABA is an abbreviation of

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

114
Q

Thrush

A

Yeast infection

115
Q

4 styles of disease infections

A

Fungal
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic

116
Q

sensitivity

A

how many people who test positive actually have the disease

117
Q

specificity

A

how many people who test negative actually don’t have the disease

118
Q

PPV

A

if you test positive, what is the probability you actually have the disease

119
Q

NPV

A

if you test negative, what is the probability that you actually don’t have the disease

120
Q

which comparitor, sensitivyti/specificity or PPV/NPV, needs to be handled more carefully? why?

A

PPV and NPV, because these are affected by the prevalence of the disease in the community

Health & Medicine (5 decks)

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