Health Indicators, Demography, and Population Estimation Flashcards by Ady Cabalquinto | Brainscape

Q

Tools used to measures objectively a specific health concept of interest
Usually numerical measures which help compare the targeted or expected results of health programs

A

Health Indicators

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Q

Way to know if goals and objectives were able to be achieved by a health program

A

Health Indicators

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Q

It can also serve as a proxy/ gives you an idea for a condition or phenomenon which is difficult to measure

A

Health Indicators
An indicator may provide a direct estimate of the underlying condition of interest
Ex: health status, accessibility, coverage, utilization of health services

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Q

Uses of Health Indicators:
___public health problems at a particular point of time.
___changes over time in the level of health of an individual or a population.
___ the extent to which the objectives of a program are being reached.
____, educate and empower people about health issues.

A

Define
Indicate
Assess
Inform

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Q

Characteristics of Indicators:

measures what is supposed to be measured; Original

A

Valid

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Q

Characteristics of Indicators:
have the same value even if it is measured by other people at different times under similar conditions; Consistency is important

A

Reliable

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Q

Characteristics of Indicators:

able to detect small changes in the phenomenon being measured in a significant way; immediately see the changes

A

Sensitive

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Q

Characteristics of Indicators:

reflects changes only in the situation concerned

A

Specific

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Q

Characteristics of Indicators:
collection of data to determine its value if technically, financially and operationally possible; If it is easy or convenient to do

A

Feasible

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Determining the Anemia Status of pregnant women.
Which of the following is a reliable indicator?
-Pallor of conjunctiva
-Hemoglobin level

A

B

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Determining the Anemia Status of pregnant women.
Which of the following is a feasible indicator?
-Pallor of conjunctiva
-Hemoglobin level

A

A

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Determining the maturity of people in Barangay X.
Which of the following is a specific indicator?
-Age
-Hair color

A

A

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Determining the nutritional level of children in Sitio Kalusugan.
Which of the following is a sensitive indicator?
-Height
-Weight

A

B

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Identifying the paternity of the Gutierrez twins.
Which of the following is a reliable indicator?
-DNA test
-Mother’s testimony

A

A

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Q

A if only the first statement is correct
B if only the second statement is correct
C if both statements are correct
D if both statements are correct

Identifying the paternity of the Gutierrez twins.
Which of the following is a feasible indicator?
-DNA test
-Mother’s testimony

A

B

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:

Complete count of the population of a given place

A

Census of the country’s population
(First recorded value of the population of PH documented by Fr. Buzeta in 1799 - 1,502,574
First known Philippine - 1877 with a count of 5,984,727
The most recent census - 2015 with a count of 100,979,303)

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:

Requires basic and compulsory registration of all births, deaths and marriages occurring in the country

A

Vital Registration System (VRS)
PSA is in-charge (It was legally instituted in the country on February 27, 1931
Main problem: under-resignation of births and deaths)

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:
Sub-organizations under National Health Information System (NHIS) :
Enhanced surveillance system that monitors notifiable diseases and other health-related events of public health importance

A

Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)
Category 1: 10 diseases: measles, human avian influenza, anthrax, neonatal tetanus, rabies and SARS among others
Immediately notifiable w/in 24hrs
Category 2 : 17 diseases: acute bloody diarrhea, cholera, dengue, leptospirosis, malaria, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, and pertussis among others
Weekly notifications

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:
Sub-organizations under National Health Information System (NHIS) :
Intended to address the short-term needs of DOH and LGU staff with managerial or supervisory functions in facilities and program areas

A

Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)

Provides summary on health service delivery and selected program accomplishment indicators

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:
Sub-organizations under National Health Information System (NHIS) :
Computer based system developed by DOH with the objective of supporting the hospital management for effective and quality health care

A

Hospital Operation and Management Information System (HOMIS)

To systematically collect, process, store, present and share information in support of hospital functions

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Q

Sources of Data for Health Indicators:

Event/ condition-specific information and surveillance systems

A

Specialized Information Systems within the Health Sector
(Surveillance in post-extreme emergencies and disasters (SPEED)
Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (ONEISS)
Phil. Malaria Information System (PhilMIS))

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Q

Cancer Registry and HIV/ AIDS Registry

A

Disease Registry

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Q

Sample Surveys:

Collecting accurate and nationally representative data on health, population and nutrition in developing countries

A

National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)
(Important in policy making, program planning, monitoring and evaluation of programs; on-going)
Funded by USAID

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Q

Sample Surveys:
Series of household surveys conducted by UNICEF covering important indicators describing the situation of women and children

A

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)

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Q

Sample Surveys:
Series of national surveys on Filipino youth aged 15-24
One of primary sources on sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors and its determinants in the Philippines.

A

Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS)

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Aspect of health being measured:
measure health outcomes and/ or their risk factors
Personal, environmental, or occupational

A

Health status indicators

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Aspect of health being measured:
measure aspects of the performance of health services or public health programs
Utilization, accessibility, quality, and cost

A

Health service performance indicators

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Group referred to:
describes the total population (being measured) which is used as the denominator in the computation
Denominator: total population being measured

A

Crude rates

e.g. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Group referred to:

describes only a specific sub-group of the total population being considered

A

Specific rates

e.g. Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Group referred to:

half of deaths or births have occurred; June or July

A

Midyear population

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Time covered by the events:
occurred during the specific point in time being considered
Usually a day, useful in monitoring incidents of diseases during outbreak or epidemic

A

Point in time
e.g. Prevalence: old + new cases (period of time)
Incidence: new cases only (point in time)

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Time covered by the events:
occurred over a period of time
Prevalence of diseases during January to March

A

Period of time
e.g. Prevalence: old + new cases (period of time)
Incidence: new cases only (point in time)

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Components of the evaluation framework:
resources needed to deliver the essential services to the population or to achieve project objectives
Ex: Number of posters and brochures on family planning

A

Input indicators
e.g. Number of community volunteers trained to conduct health education
Funds, work force, fliers, materials/ equipments, facilitators, resources, and infrastructure

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Components of the evaluation framework:
direct products of project activities.
Generally in the form of activities and processes undertaken
Described in terms by size and scope
Ex:Number of couples who have seen or received the posters

A

Output indicators

e.g. Number of health education classes conducted

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Components of the evaluation framework:
immediate result of the services or activities implemented
Changes, easily achievable, can be seen immediately/ right after the implementation
Ex: % increase in the level of knowledge among couples on family planning

A

Outcome indicators

e.g. % increase in number of family planning acceptors

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Q

Types of Health Indicators according to Components of the evaluation framework:
intended or unintended long-term organizational/ community changes
Usually reflects rates of diseases or deaths, needs time to be seen
Ex: Decrease in the average number of children per family

A

Impact indicators

e.g. Decrease in the population growth rate

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Q

morbidity, mortality, fertility

A

Conventional Health Status Indicators

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Q

Conventional Health Status Indicators:

disease frequency and association

A

Measures of Morbidity

Measures of Disease Frequency
Measures of Association

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Q

Measures of Morbidity:

Magnitude of the disease in a given population

A

Measures of Disease Frequency

Q

Incidence or Prevalence?
New cases
How many people developed the disease? 
Number of new cases of a disease
Acute
Disease etiology/ causation

A

Incidence

Q

Incidence or Prevalence?
Old + new
How many people have the disease?
Number of existing cases of a disease 
Chronic
Service delivery

A

Prevalence

Q

Types of Incidence Measures:
The proportion of disease-free individuals who contract the disease within a specified period of time
Measures the average risk of developing the disease

A

Incidence Proportion (IP) or Cumulative Incidence (CI): IP/CI
(Called “attack rate” for infection when the implicit reference period is the duration of the outbreak)

Q

Types of Incidence Measures:
Measures the rate at which new cases occur
Deals w/ dynamic population: uses total person time as its denominator

A

Incidence Rate (IR) or Incidence Density (ID): IR/ ID
(Person time: a function of the size of the population followed-up and the duration of the follow-up time)

Q

Types of Prevalence Measures:

Measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population at a particular point in time.

A

Point Prevalence
(Useful in describing the magnitude of chronic conditions existing in a population at a point in time.
Does not measure the risk of developing the disease)

Q

Types of Prevalence Measures:

Equal to the prevalence at the beginning of the period + the new cases and recurrences during the said period

A

Period Prevalence

Useful for quantifying diseases frequency

Q

Other Morbidity Measures
takes into account not only the # of persons sick of a given disease but also the effects of the disability and premature mortality from the disease

A

Burden of disease

Q

Measures of Morbidity:
Quantifies the strength of the relationship between the disease/ condition of interest and the corresponding exposure/ risk factors being assessed

A

Measures of Association

Measures of Mortality
Measures of Fertility

Q

A risk of dying is measured by the crude and specific death rates
Crude death rate
Specific mortality rate
Cause-of-death rate
Infant mortality rate
Neonatal mortality rate
Post-neonatal mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Proportional mortality rate
Case-fatality rate

A

Measures of Mortality

Q

Measures of Mortality:
Measures how fast mortality occurs in a given population
Affected by age-sex composition, adverse environmental and occupational conditions, peace and order conditions

A

Crude Death Rate

Q

Measures of Mortality:

Measures the force of mortality in specific subgroups of the population

A

Specific Mortality Rate

Q

Measures of Mortality:
Used in determining the leading cause of mortality
Mortality rate from specific diseases or conditions

A

Cause of Death Rate

Q

Measures of Mortality:
Useful indicator of a country’s level of health development
Component of Physical Quality Life Index
Can be artificially lowered by improving birth registration

A

Infant Mortality Rate

Q

2 Types IMR:

include deaths in the first 28 days of life

A

Neonatal mortality ratio

Q

2 Types IMR:

include deaths in the after 28 days of life but less than 1 year

A

Post-neonatal mortality ratio

Q

Measures of Mortality:
Measures occurrence of maternal deaths
“Death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy” – WHO
Reflects level of obstetric risk in a population

A

Maternal Mortality Ratio

Q

Measures of Mortality:

Measures the proportion of the total deaths occurring in a particular population group or from a particular case

A

Proportionate Mortality Ratio
Difference with specific mortality ratio is:
Denominator used is the total number of deaths and NOT midyear population

Q

Measures of Mortality:

when this indicator has a high number, it means a disease is fatal

A

Case Fatality Rate

Q

Measures of Mortality:

Risk of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five

A

Under-five Mortality Ratio

Q

Measures of Mortality:
Ave. no. of years that the newborn is expected to live if the current mortality rates continue to apply
How long will the individual live in a certain country

A

Life Expectancy at Birth

Q

Measures of Fertility:

Measures number of children born per 1000 population in a given place and time

A

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Q

Measures of Fertility:

Measures number of children born per 1000 women in the reproductive age groups in a given place during a particular time

A

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Q

Measures of Fertility:
Measures number of children born per 1000 women in a particular age group
Measures fertility level of each sub-group of women according to age

A

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Q

Measures of Fertility:

Measures number of children who will be born per woman if she pass through the childbearing years bearing children

A

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Q

absolute numbers, ratios, proportions, rates

A

Computing Indicators

Q

Computing Indicators:
Simple count of the number of persons, houses or events being considered
Easy to understand but difficult to interpret especially when making comparisons among groups with different sizes/ total population

A

Absolute numbers

Q

Computing Indicators:
Result of dividing one number by another
Reserved for measures wherein the numerator is not part of the denominator

A

Ratios

Q

Computing Indicators:
Special kind of ratio wherein the numerator is part of the denominator
When multiplied by 100 = percentage

A

Proportions

Q

Computing Indicators:
Measures how fast an event occurs over time or space
Expressed in terms of the frequency of occurrence of events
Common example in health is the incidence rate of a disease.

A

Rates

dynamic

Q

scientific study of human populations

A

Demography
“Study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of the population, changes therein, and the components of such changes” - Hauser and Duncan (1959: 2)

Q

3 Aspects of Demography

A

Population size
Population structure/ composition
Population distribution in space

Q

3 Aspects of Demography:

Affected by: natality: birth, mortality: death, migration: emigration (out), immigration (in)

A

Population Size

Q

2 Methods of Population Allocation:
people are counted or allocated to the area where they were physically present at the time of the census; Philippines uses this method

A

De Facto Method

Q

2 Methods of Population Allocation:

people are counted or allocated to the place of their usual residence

A

De Jure Method

Q

3 Aspects of Demography:
Determines the number of percentage of the population according to the categories of important socio-demographic-economic variables
The most basic description of the population composition is according to age and sex

A

Population Composition

Q

Factors Affecting Population Composition:

number of births per 1000 population
of deaths per 1000 population
number of people leaving a country
number of people moving to a country

A

Birth rate
Death rate
Emigration
Immigration

Q

Describing the Age Composition of Population:

the age below which we have 50% of the population

A

Median Age

Q

Describing the Age Composition of Population:
indicator of age-induced economic drain on human resources
Computed as the ratio of the dependents to the economically active group (15-64yo) of the population

A

Age dependency ratio
Dependent: Children (0-14yo) and Elderly (≥65yo)- dependent, no income
Independent: 15-64 yrs old, earning

Q

computed by dividing the number of males by the number of females using a factor of 100

A

Sex Ratio

Q

Graphical presentation of the age and sex structure of a population
Special type of histogram: male at the left and female at the right

A

Population Pyramid
Either the actual population count or % of the population can be graphed
(Expansive type: broad base, narrow top, many are born
Stationary type: seen in most developed nations, growth of population is stable)

Q

3 Aspects of Demography:

Description of how people are distributed in a specified space or geographic area

A

Population Distribution in Space 
Affected by: 
Physical: geography 
Political: peace and order 
Social/ Cultural
Economic: opportunities (work or education)

Q

Indicators of Population Distribution in Space:
(measurement of population per unit area)
Crowding index (number of usual resident in a dwelling ÷ number of rooms in the dwelling)

A

Population density

Q

Computation of future changes in population numbers, given certain assumptions about future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality, and migration

A

Population Estimation

Q

Purposes of  Population Estimation:
\_\_\_\_\_of various trends
\_\_\_\_\_ shifts in population
\_\_\_\_\_allocation of public funds or political representation in the government
\_\_\_\_\_(programs, projects)

A

Analysis
Measuring
Determining
Planning

Q

Measures of Changes in Population Size:
Natural increase in a specific place and time
Number of births – number of deaths

A

Natural Increase

Q

Measures of Changes in Population Size:
Rate of natural increase in a specific place and time
Crude birth rate (CBR) – crude death rate (CDR) *both are computed

A

Rate of Natural Increase

Q

Measures of Changes in Population Size:

Actual difference between 2 census counts expressed in % relative to the population size of the prior census

A

Relative Increase

Q

Measures of Changes in Population Size:

Measures the average number of people added to the population per year

A

Absolute increase per year (b)

Q

Measures of Changes in Population Size:
Also utilize results of 2 censuses to quantify the amount of change in population size
Assumes that the population is changing at a constant rate per year

A

Annual rate of growth (r)

Q

2 Methods of Estimation:
aka Inflow-Outflow or Balancing equation method
Pt = Po + (B – D) + (I – O)

A

Component Method
B: births in the interval 0 and t
D: deaths in the interval 0 and t
I: immigration between 0 and t
O: out-migration between 0 and t

Q

2 Methods of Estimation:
Arithmetic method
Geometric method
Exponential method

A

Mathematical Method

Q

Mathematical Method of Estimation:

assumes equal change every year

A

Arithmetic method

Q

Mathematical Method of Estimation:

assumes that the population changes at the same rate over each unit

A

Geometric method

Q

Mathematical Method of Estimation:

assumes a constant rate of change (r) and population is increasing continuously

A

Exponential method

Q

Compute for the Rate of Natural of Increase:

In Nicaragua, the crude birth rate is 20/1,000 and the crude death rate is 5/1,000 in 2007.

A

RNI = 15/1000

In 2007, 15 for every 1000 persons were added to the population of Nicaragua through natural means.

Q

Compute for crude birth rate:

A record from July, 2003 reported Florida’s population to be 1,452,901. According to the Denmark’s Statistics office, 14,633 babies were born in the same year.

A

CBR = 10.07 or 11

There are 11 births for every 1,000 persons in Florida in 2003.