Health indicators

Question 1

What is a disease?

Answer 1

Medically defined abnormality in function/structure of body

Question 2

What is illness?

Answer 2

Subjective perception of lack of physical/mental well-being and consequent inability to function normally in social roles

Question 3

What is impairment?

Answer 3

Any loss or abnormality of psychological/physiological/anatomical structure or function

Question 4

What is disability?

Answer 4

Any restriction to perform an activity within the normal range

Question 5

What is handicap?

Answer 5

Limitation in the fulfillment of a “normal” social role

Question 6

What is a summary measure of population health?

Answer 6

Measure that combines the impact of death and morbidity

Question 7

Cumulative incidence (risk) formula?

Answer 7

new cases/pop at risk at beginning x 1000

Question 8

Incidence rate formula?

Answer 8

new cases/person year at risk x 1000

Question 9

Prevalence formula?

Answer 9

existing cases/totalpop x 1000

Question 10

Hospital morbidity rate formula?

Answer 10

hospital separations in year/mid-year pop x 1000

Question 11

Perinatal mortality rate formula?

Answer 11

(#still births + live births dead < 8 days annually)/(all births, still or alive) x 1000

Question 12

Neonatal mortality rate formula?

Answer 12

(annual # deaths < 28 days)/annual live births x 1000

Question 13

Maternal mortality rate formula?

Answer 13

(annual # deaths from puerperal cause)/annual live births x 1000

Question 14

Infant mortality rate formula?

Answer 14

(annual # deaths < 1yr)/annual live births x 1000

Question 15

Crude death rate formula?

Answer 15

annual # deaths/total pop x 1000

Question 16

Age/sex specific death rates?

Answer 16

annual #deaths in subgroup/subgroup totalpop x 1000

Question 17

Case fatality rate?

Answer 17

deaths from disease/total new cases of disease x 1000

Question 18

Give two examples of summary measures of health expectancies?

Answer 18

1. Life expectancy weighted for health status

2. Disease/disability-free life expectancy

Question 19

What are health gaps summary measures?

Answer 19

Change between actual health of population and health norm or goal

Question 20

Give two examples of summary measures of health gaps?

Answer 20

1. PYLL before age 75

2. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Question 21

What is life expectancy?

Answer 21

The # years a person is expected to live starting from birth or at any age if current mortality rates continue to apply

Question 22

What is potential years of life loss (PYLL)?

Answer 22

The # years of life lost before age 70-75 for people who die prematurely

Indicator of premature deaths

Question 23

What is HALE?

Answer 23

• Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (or disability-adjusted)
• The mean # of years that a person, at a given age, can expect to live equivalent to full health
• Global burden of morbidity and mortality

Question 24

What is disability free life expectancy?

Answer 24

Life expectancy minus the years lived with a disability

Question 25

What are HALYs?

Answer 25

• Health Adjusted Life Years
• Considers both death and morbidity
• Made up of DALYs and QALYs

Question 26

What is HRQL?

Answer 26

• Health-Related Quality of Life

- Equal to the morbidity component of the HALYs

Question 27

What is QALY?

Answer 27

A type of HALY, Quality-Adjusted Life Year

• From 0 to 1, with 1 = perfect health
• used in cost-effectiveness analyses

Question 28

What do DALYs measure?

Answer 28

• Gap between population’s health and hypothetical ideal for health achievement

Question 29

What are DALYs?

Answer 29

A type of HALY, Disability-Adjusted Life Year

- From 0 to 1, with 1 = full disability equivalent to death

Question 30

What are methods to generate weights for HALYs?

Answer 30

• Standard gamble (you try treatment and there’s x% chance that you gain perfect health and y% chance that you die - you take the tx at which x and y?)
• Time trade off
• Rating (of pain, etc.)