Health indicators Flashcards
What is a disease?
Medically defined abnormality in function/structure of body
What is illness?
Subjective perception of lack of physical/mental well-being and consequent inability to function normally in social roles
What is impairment?
Any loss or abnormality of psychological/physiological/anatomical structure or function
What is disability?
Any restriction to perform an activity within the normal range
What is handicap?
Limitation in the fulfillment of a “normal” social role
What is a summary measure of population health?
Measure that combines the impact of death and morbidity
Cumulative incidence (risk) formula?
new cases/pop at risk at beginning x 1000
Incidence rate formula?
new cases/person year at risk x 1000
Prevalence formula?
existing cases/totalpop x 1000
Hospital morbidity rate formula?
hospital separations in year/mid-year pop x 1000
Perinatal mortality rate formula?
(#still births + live births dead < 8 days annually)/(all births, still or alive) x 1000
Neonatal mortality rate formula?
(annual # deaths < 28 days)/annual live births x 1000
Maternal mortality rate formula?
(annual # deaths from puerperal cause)/annual live births x 1000
Infant mortality rate formula?
(annual # deaths < 1yr)/annual live births x 1000
Crude death rate formula?
annual # deaths/total pop x 1000
Age/sex specific death rates?
annual #deaths in subgroup/subgroup totalpop x 1000
Case fatality rate?
deaths from disease/total new cases of disease x 1000
Give two examples of summary measures of health expectancies?
- Life expectancy weighted for health status
2. Disease/disability-free life expectancy
What are health gaps summary measures?
Change between actual health of population and health norm or goal
Give two examples of summary measures of health gaps?
- PYLL before age 75
2. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
What is life expectancy?
The # years a person is expected to live starting from birth or at any age if current mortality rates continue to apply
What is potential years of life loss (PYLL)?
The # years of life lost before age 70-75 for people who die prematurely
Indicator of premature deaths
What is HALE?
- Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (or disability-adjusted)
- The mean # of years that a person, at a given age, can expect to live equivalent to full health
- Global burden of morbidity and mortality
What is disability free life expectancy?
Life expectancy minus the years lived with a disability
What are HALYs?
- Health Adjusted Life Years
- Considers both death and morbidity
- Made up of DALYs and QALYs
What is HRQL?
- Health-Related Quality of Life
- Equal to the morbidity component of the HALYs
What is QALY?
A type of HALY, Quality-Adjusted Life Year
- From 0 to 1, with 1 = perfect health
- used in cost-effectiveness analyses
What do DALYs measure?
- Gap between population’s health and hypothetical ideal for health achievement
What are DALYs?
A type of HALY, Disability-Adjusted Life Year
- From 0 to 1, with 1 = full disability equivalent to death
What are methods to generate weights for HALYs?
- Standard gamble (you try treatment and there’s x% chance that you gain perfect health and y% chance that you die - you take the tx at which x and y?)
- Time trade off
- Rating (of pain, etc.)
