Health, Illness, and Disability Flashcards
What is illness?
Being poor in health
What is disease?
Having an abnormal bodily or psychological condition
What is chronic disease?
Condition wherein disease symptoms are long-term , drawn-out or extend over a long period of time; ir show a slow progression, or a recurring.
What is morbidity?
Rate or proportion of disease in a given locality or notion
What is mortality
Incidence of death
What is excess death?
of deaths resulting from a given risk factor that exceed the # for an unexposed or baseline group [ ex. smoker vs. non-smoker]
What is the health status of African Americans compared to Euro-Americans
African Americans generally present with poorer health outcomes than most other major ethnic/ racial groups in U.S.
What are some of the important factors which contribute to health disparities for African Americans?
-Lack of access to health/medical services ( because of income and education; under-employment
-Greater lifestyle risk factors ( ex.cigarette smoking, drinking, geographical location/residence; cultural belies; lower socioeconomic status
-Health system policies and attitudes of healthcare providers
What deaths of African Americans die from at a disproportionate rate?
-Heart disease - Cancer - Stroke -Diabetes - Homicide - Infant Mortality - Chronic Lower Respiratory [ Asthma] Disease - Septicemia - Alephritis - Kidney Disease
Why do African Americans have such a high rate of disability?
Cause by higher levels of morbidity
How do cultural factors contribute to the problem of high rate of disability?
Problem of poverty:
-African Americans less likely to make routine visits to PCP - Overutilization of Emergency Room Services - Can only afford low-cost health plans - Use of clinic staff rather private care physician
Not being located near treatment facilities:
- Lac of availability of convenient medical facilities -Lack of affordable facilities in community
How specifically does the high rate of disability affect access factors/ barriers to healthcare for African Americans?
Cultural Barrier:
African Americans distrust healthcare system and its practitioners
-perceived lack of respect from healthcare system - being faced with medical/technical jargon - their perceived non-communal/ interpersonal connections with clinical staff
Health Belief Model
Maintains that readiness to take a health action is determine by four belief attitudes
What are the four attitudes of the health belief model?
-perceived susceptibility to disease [ benefit] - perceived perception of severity of consequences if get disease [cost] -perceived benefits of taking action [benefit] - perceived barriers to or costs of taking action required [ cost]
Possible differences in health beliefs ( AAs as compared to whites:
-AAs = underestimation of susceptibility to cancer risk; their possible fear of radiation - AAs cultural values emphasizing present and post may lead them to perceive themselves as being less susceptible to consequences of disease [ ex. hypertension] - AA attitude of fatalism- “It’s God’s will”
What is the theory of planned behavior?
The notion that one’s intentions to perform a certain behavior are the best predictor of behavior
Importance of the theory of planned behavior
Subjective norms lead to development of one’s attitudes which give rise to one’s behavioral intentions and thus to enactment of desired health-related behaviors
What is the theory of planned behavior used to explain?
-Prevention behaviors -Physical activities - Cigarette smoking - Condom use - Violence
What is the self-efficacy theory?
Concerned with whether people can exert control over their motivation, behavior, and social environment
What does the self-efficacy theory predict?
Predicts that one’s beliefs about one’s capability to perform a desired task will predict one’s success of completing that task
High Self- Efficacy Components
-Specific beliefs - High goals - Greater persistence when goals not met - Effective goal strategies - Successful coping effort - Beliefs developed through knowledge, skills, practice, support from significant others
Low Self -Efficacy Components
-General beliefs -Low goals - When goals not met quick to give up - Inefficient strategies - Beliefs lead to anxiety - Beliefs are less so developed through knowledge, skills, practice, support from significant others.
What are commonalities across the 3 health models
- Assumption of health as a valued priority - Assumption that people have potential or ability to engage in actions on their own belief - Cognitively- based theories; emphasis on beliefs - Vast health interactive devoted to them
Criticisms of the 3 health models
-Behavior seen as individuality and rational - Minimization of importation of economics and discrimination in terms of engaging in health-related behaviors
