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Geography > Health & Disease Case Studies > Flashcards

Health & Disease Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Malaria cost & limitations of healthcare

A

India, has 6 doctors for every 1,000 people, and only 4% of Gross Domestic Product is spent on Healthcare, even though India accounts for 89% of estimated malaria deaths in Southeast Asia

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2
Q

Malaria: population movement

A

Greater Mekong subregion of Southeast Asia -> lack of border control allowed drug resistant malaria to spread, making malaria harder to treat

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3
Q

Malaria: overcrowding & lack of sanitation

A

Manila, Philippines
- Unhygenic slums in the area with lack of doors, proper roofing and overcrowding of residents
- Stagnant water as a result of improper waste disposal
leads to increased malaria

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4
Q

Malaria: poor drainage & stagnant water

A

Water from 8000km of canals in Great Indian Thar Desert leaks into many places -> stagnant pools, breeding grounds -> regular outbreaks of malaria in the desert of Western India since the 1980s

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5
Q

Malaria: Climate Change

A

Central Highlands region of Kenya, raised average temperatures allowing malaria to occur in areas of higher altitude. This resulted in an additional 4 million people at risk of malaria.

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6
Q

Malaria: monsoon

A

The 2006 and 2009 monsoon floodings in Pakisatan were linked to a high incidence of malaria in those years, due to leftover pools of stagnant water after flooding

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7
Q

Dengue: globalisation

A

Before 1970, only 9 countries with severe dengue epidemics. With modern globalisation and transport improvements, the disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries, with explosive outbreaks in some countries.

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8
Q

HIV/AIDS: Labour Routes

A

Kinshasa Highway linking Uganda and Kenya -> commercial sex workers along the labour route -> prevalance of HIV/AIDS in western Africa

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9
Q

HIV/AIDS: Globalisation & Mobility

A

Queensland, Australia, highest incidence of HIV/AIDS 206 people in 2010. Some infected when they traveled to Papua New Guinea for a vacation and contracted it there

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10
Q

HIV/AIDS: Education

A

Countries with HIV epidemics such as Cameroon and Sierra Leone, more than 80% of young women aged 15-24 do not have sufficient knowledge about HIV.

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11
Q

HIV/AIDS: Social Stigma

A

Cameroon, 13% of people living with HIV/AIDS were denied access to health services such as dental care due to HIV

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12
Q

HIV/AIDS: Accessibility of healthcare (Spread)

A

Botswana, 25% of the adult population has HIV/AIDS, long waiting times of 4-12 hours discourage many people from seeking and taking medication

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13
Q

COVID: Poor living conditions

A

57% of 1.5 million slum dwellers in Mumbai, India had been exposed to COVID 19 due to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions

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14
Q

COVID: Fake News

A

6 in 10 people in SG recieved fake COVID 19 news, possobly through social media

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15
Q

Malaria: High Death Rates (Impact)

A

2010, more than 537,000 people died of malaria, estimated 40% from LDCs like DRC and Nigeria

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16
Q

Malaria: Household Burden (Impact)

A

Economic cost and losses as high as 34% of a households income in Ghana

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17
Q

Malaria: Country healthcare cost (Impact)

A

Can account for up to 40% of public healthcare spending in some countries according to WHO

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18
Q

Malaria: Loss of Productivity (Impact)

A

Economic growth in Africa has been slowed by up to 1.3% each year due to endemic malaria

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19
Q

Dengue: Healthcare costs (Impact)

A

Annual healthcare cost of dengue illness in Asia is estimated at SGD$2.7 billion, which excludes preventive methods and vector control costs

20
Q

Dengue: Cost of preventive methods (Impact)

A

The average annual economic impact of dengue illness in Singapore from 2000 to 2009 ranged between $0.85 billion and $1.15 billion, with 42% to 59% of costs being vector control methods

21
Q

HIV/AIDS: Life Expectancy

A

Botswana and Uganda, life expectancy is reduced by about 6 years due to HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS estimates that this could become 10.8 years by 2025.

22
Q

HIV/AIDS: Orphan Crisis (Impacts)

A

There are 17 million orphans due to HIV/AIDS globally, 87% live in Sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda

23
Q

HIV/AIDS: Healthcare costs (Impacts)

A

Government of South Africa spent US 1.2 billion in 2010 in healthcare expenditure on its HIV/AIDS patients

24
Q

HIV/AIDS: Loss of productivity (Impacts)

A

Uganda’s economic growth has been slowed by 1.2% each year due to AIDS

25
Q

COVID 19: Tourism Loss (Impact)

A

COVID-19 pandemic caused airline revenues to drop by 60 percent in 2020, air travel and tourism business not expected to return to 2019 levels before 2024.

26
Q

COVID: Job Losses & Poverty (Impacts)

A

The global pandemic increased the global poverty rate from 7.8 to 9.1 percent, with 97 million more living on less than 1.90 USD a day

27
Q

COVID 19: Mental Health Strain (Impacts)

A

United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a substantial increase in mental health-related visits during the pandemic, especially in young working adults

28
Q

Community: Dengue (Management)

A

Vellore, India, Geographical Information System
- Track and map outbreaks of dengue done by volunteers
- Reducing mosquito breeding sites

29
Q

Community: Sanitation (Management)

A

Sierra Leone, Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
- Improve sanitation by digging indoor toilets and raising awareness on sanitation
- 754 communities invovled as of June 2009

30
Q

Government: Precautionary Vaccination (Management)

A

Singapore 2009, provided H1N1 virus vaccination at 400 clinics before the virus even emerged in the country, the outbreak was mild compared to other countries with only 18 deaths reported

31
Q

Government: Precautionary Thermal Fogging (Management)

A

National Environment Agency of Singapore frequently conducts thermal fogging in housing estates, especially those with dengue cases, to reduce serious outbreaks of endemic dengue

32
Q

Government: Mitigation, Controlling spread of disease (Management)

A

2003 SARS Outbreak
- Prompt and stringent measures were taken by SG to contain spread
- Quarantine and isolation, monitoring potential infected patients
- Only 238 infected, 33 deaths

33
Q

Government: Mitigation campaigns for education & awareness (Management)

A
  • 1987, Uganda, an AIDS control programme with the ABC campaign (Abstain, Be Faithful, Comdoms)
  • The campaign resulted in decrease in HIV/AIDS prevalence in Uganda from 14% in 1990 to 6.4% in 2008
34
Q

International Organisations: HIV/AIDS (Management)

A

Getting to Zero UNAIDS Strategy
- Goals by 2015 such as reducing sexual transmission by half, universal antiretroviral therapy and addressing the HIV needs of women and girls
- Supports Government of Kenya by granting US483 million to eliminating HIV infections in children and mother -> reduced in children by 44% since 2009

35
Q

International Organisations: Malaria (Management)

A

Rolling Back Malaria program (The World Bank)
- 1997, world bank provided US165 million to finance Enhanced Malaria Control Project in high risk malaria districts in India -> decline in cases by 93.3% and 80.8% in Maharashtra and Gujarat Indian States

36
Q

NGOs: Measles & Rubella (Management)

A

Measles & Rubella Initiative (M&RI)
- WHO, US CDC, American Red Cross
- Raised measles vaccination coverage to 84% globally, reduced deaths by 71%. Decreased measles deaths in Africa by estimated 85%.

37
Q

HIV/AIDS: Difficulties in Detecting (Spread)

A

Around 1.2 million people are living with HIV in USA with 20% unaware of their status

38
Q

Dengue: Climate Change (Spread)

A

Dengue now emerging in temperate areas due to climate change, for example the USA states from Hawaii to Florida. In 2010, 1.6 million cases of dengue fever were reported in USA

39
Q

Dengue: Limitations of healthcare (Spread)

A
  • The Dengvaxia vaccine has been approved in 20+ countries, licensed in 2015.
  • However, poses risks and complications, esepcially those who have not contracted the virus before -> not widely used
40
Q

Government: Increasing healthcare expenditure (Management)

A

From 2020 to 2022, Singapore spent a total of 72.3 billion dollars on fighting the COVID 19 pandemic, with 13.4 billion going to public healthcare & healthcare measures

41
Q

Malaria: Drug & Insecticide Resistance (Spread)

A

According to WHO, mosquito resistance to insecticide has been detected in 64 countries around the world. This could potentially place 120,000 children under 5 years in Africa at risk of malaria.

42
Q

Management: Increasing healthcare expenditure (Mitigation)

A

From 2020 to 2022, Singapore spent a total of 72.3 billion dollars on fighting the COVID 19 pandemic, with 13.4 billion going to public healthcare and health measures

43
Q

HIV/AIDS: Antiretroviral Therapy Cost (Spread & Impact)

A

In some LDCs like Nigeria -> antiretroviral drugs can cost US$69 to US$900 per year, and these need to be taken daily for their lifetime

44
Q

Dengue: Work Productivity (Impact)

A

Singapore, during a dengue outbreak in 2019, some companies reported absenteeism rates of up to 20%

45
Q

Malaria: IMR (Impact)

A

75k to 200k infants die every year to due malaria infection during pregnancy

46
Q

Dengue: Climate & Monsoon (Spread)

A

Sri Lanka dengue outbreak in 2017, with thousands of dengue cases due to monsoon rains

47
Q

Dengue: Urbanisation

A

Densely populated tropical cities such as Manila, Singapore, New Delhi and Bangkok have high incidences of dengue epidemics, putting, and according to WHO half the worlds population is now at risk due to urbanisation

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