Health & Disease Flashcards
To prevent transmission of chlamydia..
• avoid sexual contact
• use a condom/femidom
• screen people for an infection
• treat infection / give antibiotics
Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics
• killed by antibiotics
• because chlamydia is caused by bacteria
Cholera is spread…
in (contaminated) water
Malaria is spread…
by animal vectors
Cirrhosis of the liver is caused by…
Drinking too much alcohol
Health advice for people about drinking alcohol
• reduce alcohol intake / dont drink it
• drinking alcohol with meals —> lower risk of developing cirrhosis than drinking alcohol on its own
State two ways that communicable diseases are different from non-communicable diseases
• communicable - passed from person to person
• communicable - caused by pathogens
• communicable diseases can’t be inherited
Explain one way that the spread of tuberculosis can be reduced or prevented
• avoid close contact with infected people
• because spread of TB is airborne droplets / spread through air
OR
• vaccination/immunisation
• to provide immunity
OR
• treat infected people with antibiotics
• reduces number of infected people
Describe how cancer develops in the liver (2 marks)
• mutations in DNA
• cell division is uncontrolled
• leading to formation of a tumour
Waist-to-hip ratio measurements can be used to determine…
The risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease
DNA is replicated in the stage of…
Interphase
Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB
• HIV destroys white blood cells / weakens immune system
• so body is unable to destroy TB pathogen
Children are vaccinated against tetanus (bacteria). Explain why these children do not get get tetanus if bacteria enter their body through a cut in their skin (3 marks)
• memory lymphocytes
• produce antibodies
• leading to a secondary (immune) response
White blood cells produce…
antibodies to kill bacteria
Explain why men have different BMI values if they both have a mass of 80kg
• BMI calculation takes into account height too
• obese man must be shorter / normal man is taller
State two factors that the scientist should control when selecting 40 obese people to see how dieting can reduce effect of cardiovascular disease
• similar BMI
• similar amount of exercise
• same gender profile
Devise a plan you could use to test the effectiveness of the new diet using 40 obese people
• weigh 40 obese people
• half follow new diet & half keep their normal diet
• after a fixed period of time, re-weigh the 40 people
Dietary factors a person should consider when choosing a drink
• energy content
• fat content
• vitamin & mineral content
• caffeine level
• alcohol content
• sugar content
Define health (WHO)
A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Explain how people become infected with both chlamydia and gonorrhoea
• both are STI infections spread by sexual contact
• individuals aren’t using a barrier contraception method (condom)
State why toothpaste does not kill all bacteria on test (agar test)
• still bacteria on agar plate
• test not done on teeth
• conditions in mouth different
Cancer cells are added to B lymphocytes to produce…
Hybridoma
Explain why monoclonal antibodies, used to detect blood group A, would not react with a person with Blood type B
• antibodies react with specific antigens
• B antigen has different shape
• therefore it doesn’t bind to B antigen
Describe how the specific immune system defends the body against disease (3 marks)
• pathogens have antigens
• so antibodies are produced
• memory lymphocytes produced
• causes a secondary response
Describe how a monoclonal antibody can be developed and used to detect an STI using a urine sample (6 marks)
• inject antigen into a mouse
• collect lymphocytes producing an antibody to the STI antigen
• use B-lymphocytes with a myeloma cell
• to produce a hybridoma
• hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody against the antigen of STI
• attach monoclonal antibody to coloured bead / indicator
• incorporate into a test strip
Describe the different treatments available for cardiovascular disease
• surgery to treat narrow / blocked arteries
• lifestyle changes (healthy diet/exercise more)
• medication to prevent blood clots/ reduce blood pressure
Explain how an adult develops immunity to the toxin
• adult is vaccinated/immunised
• memory/b-lymphocytes/antibodies produced
• stimulates an immune response
Explain why a wired loop to spread bacteria on an agar plate was heated in a Bunsen burner flame before being used
• flame kills all bacteria/microorganisms on loop
• so no unwanted microorganisms spread on agar plate
OR
• so it’s not contaminated
Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria. Explain the effect of penicillin on bacterial & human cells (3 marks)
• penicillin prevents bacteria from dividing as they cannot make a new cell wall
• because humans have no cell wall
• they are unaffected by penicillin
Precautions needed to prevent contamination of the agar jelly plate
• keep lid on at all times
• use sterile equipment
• autoclave agar
• wear gloves/mask
• work close to a Bunsen burner
Give a reason why agar plated are incubated at 37 degrees
To provide optimal growth conditions
Myxopyronin inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Explain why this antibiotic can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans (4)
• antibiotics destroy bacteria
• prevents production of mRNA
• during transcription
• prevents proteins being produced
Measles is a disease caused by a virus.
State why people might not be immunised against measles
• concerns over side effects of immunisation
• medical reason for not being immunised
• too young to be vaccinated
• no access to healthcare
Describe herd immunity
• most people are immunised
• so diseases less likely to spread
Describe how physical barriers of human body provide protection from diseases
• tears wash pathogens away
• ear wax traps pathogens
• nasal hairs trap pathogens
• mucus trap pathogens
• skin is a thick covering over body
• skin has dead cells on its surface
• skin is waterproof
• pathogens unable to enter body through skin
• cilia found on epithelial / lining cells
• cilia move pathogens out of body / into throat
Describe how chemical barriers of human body provide protection from diseases
• lysozymes are enzymes found in tears, saliva & mucus
• lysozymes kill some bacteria
• hydrochloric acid in stomach
• has a low pH which kills many pathogens (acidic)
• antibodies are present on mucus linings
Stages of antibiotic development (3 marks)
• pre-clinical stage
• testing on animals
• clinical stage
• testing on patients
Explain one benefit to garlic plants of producing antiseptic chemicals
• prevents damage to plant
• because chemicals produced by garlic kills pathogens/pests
Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight (2)
• reduces volume of stomach
• so reduces food intake
• so stored fat is used up / restricts amount of food entering stomach
Explain how plants protect themselves from being eaten by pests and against diseases caused by pathogens (6)
Physical defences
• plant leaves have waxy cuticles
• waxy cuticles are impermeable
• plants have cell walls
• made of cellulose + difficult for pests to penetrate / pass through
• some plants have spines / hairs to deter pests
Chemical defences
• chemicals deter pests
• production of chemicals are toxic to pests
• unpleasant taste + smell deters pests
Explain how waxy cuticle defends leaves against pathogens
• waxy cuticle / physical barrier
• prevents pathogens entering leaf
Explain how the immune system will respond to an infection caused by bacteria (6 marks)
• number of white blood cells increase
• so antibodies are produced
• by lymphocytes
• antibodies surround pathogens
• memory lymphocytes produced
• remains in blood
• then if secondary infection occurs
• memory lymphocytes produce antibodies faster
• so bacteria destroyed faster
Explain why exercise can cause weight loss
• exercise requires energy/ uses respiration/ burns calories
• which reduces fat
Precautions a doctor should take when treating a patient who is infected with bacteria
• wear gloves
• wear a mask
• sterilise equipment use
• wash hands after contact
• be immunised
Explain why the scientist worked near to a Bunsen burner
• to sterilise loop
• to prevent contamination / kill bacteria
Safety precautions when handling blood samples
• wear gloves/gogglss/cover wounds
• use tongs to handle sample tubes/ clean up spills
• store samples in sealed containers
• dispose samples safely
