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Biology Paper 1 – Exam Questions > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

A student investigated mitosis in the root tip of a garlic plant.
Explain why the student used the tip of the root.

A

• contains meristem
• for growth

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2
Q

Describe how to use the microscope to obtain a clear image of the cells (2)

A

• switch lamp on
• use focusing wheel to obtain a clear image

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3
Q

Benefits of stem cells

A

• can form any type of cell / become specialised
• replace damage cells
• reduce symptoms of a medical condition
• used for cell transplants

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4
Q

Risks of stem cells

A

• new cells don’t function correctly
• stem cells continue to divide
• risk of side effects

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5
Q

Describe how cancer develops in the liver (2)

A

• mutations in DNA
• cell division is uncontrolled
• leading to tumour

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6
Q

Mitosis produces….

A

• 2 genetically identical cells
• diploid cells / 23 pairs (46)
• body cells

• involved in asexual reproduction

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7
Q

Meiosis produces..

A

• 4 genetically different daughter cells
• haploid cells
• gametes

• sexual reproduction

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8
Q

Prophase

A

• nuclear membrane breaks down (disappears)
• chromatids condense
• identical chromatids are joined
• spindle fibres form

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9
Q

Metaphase

A

• chromosomes line up along equator of cell
• spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at the centromere

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10
Q

Anaphase

A

• chromatids are pulled to edges of cell
• by spindle fibres

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11
Q

Telophase

A

• nuclear membrane forms around each sets of chromosomes
• separating them from one another

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12
Q

Cytokinesis

A

• splits cytoplasm
• to create two separate diploid cells
• each with identical chromosomes

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13
Q

Describe the function of a meristem in the growth of a plant (2)

A

• undifferentiated / are stem cells
• meristem cells divide / produce more cells
• by mitosis

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14
Q

Describe how to prepare a microscope using a sample of cells (3)

A

• use a thin layer of cells
• add a stain
• place a cover slip on top of sample

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15
Q

Explain how embryonic stem cells could be used to treat macular degeneration (eye defect in which retina cells breaks down)

A

• embryonic stem cells can be stimulated to produce cells of retina
• which can be transplated into a patient’s eye to replace damaged cells

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16
Q

State why mitosis is important in living things

A

• for growth
• for repair (of tissues/organs)
• for asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Describe why a brain tumour is difficult to treat

A

• brain is protected by skull
• nerves do not repair
• risk of damage to the brain

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18
Q

Describe how information detected by retina is transmitted to the brain

A

• information is transmitted as an electrical signal
• signal travels down a sensory neurone from the receptor to brain /
signal travels along optic nerve

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19
Q

Describe how light rays are focused to give normal vision

A

• light rays refract at cornea / by lens
• light rays converge on the retina / focal point is on the retina

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20
Q

Diverging lens

A

• diverge / spread out light rays

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21
Q

Lens

A
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22
Q

Causes of short-sightedness

A

• eyeball too long
• cornea too curved
• lens too curved
• light refracted too much by cornea/lens
• light rays not brought to a focus on retina
• light rats focused in front of retina

23
Q

Causes of long-sightedness

A

• eyeball too short
• cornea not curved enough
• lens too thin
• light refracted too little by cornea or lens
• light rays not brought to a focus on retina
• light rays focused behind retina

24
Q

Explain how a diverging lens corrects short-sightedness

A

• refracts light rays outwards
• so light rays meet/converge/focus on the retina

25
Q

Explain how cataracts are currently treated

A

• laser eye surgery / removing lens
• replace with plastic lens

26
Q

Advantages of using eye drops to treat cataracts

A

• less risk of eye infection
• less risk of permanent damage to eye
• less cost / easier to do / no recovery time needed

27
Q

Explain how the size of the pupil changes when a torch is shone into eye of a person

A

• pupil gets smaller
• iris gets bigger

• circular muscles contract
• radial muscles relax

28
Q

Describe how short/long-sightedness is corrected

A

• wear glasses / contact lens

29
Q

Short-sightedness lens

A

• diverging / concave lens

30
Q

Long-sightedness lens

A

• convex lens

31
Q

Cone cells…

A

• detects coloured light
• send impulses to brain

32
Q

Rod cells…

A

• detect intensity of light
• responds to dim light & responsible for night vision
• sends impulses to brain

33
Q

Describe the changes that occur in the eye when a bright light is directed into the eye

A

• pupil becomes smaller
• iris changes shape
• light intensity detected by retina/rod/cones

34
Q

In which part if the eye do cataracts form?

A

Lens

35
Q

Explain why someone with cataracts sees a picture less clear

A

• lens becomes cloudy
• less light reaches retina

36
Q

Function of optic nerve

A

carries impulses to brain

37
Q

Function of iris

A

controls amount of light entering eye

38
Q

Which structure of the eye contains light receptor cells?

A

Retina

39
Q

The optic nerve transfers electrical signals from the eye to the…

A

central nervous system.

40
Q

The optic nerve is a…

A

Sensory neurone

41
Q

Name the region of CNS responsible for vision

A

Cerebrum

42
Q

Which part of the brain contains occipital lobe?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

When the eye changes from focusing on a distant object to focusing on a near object…

A

the lens gets thicker to bend light rays more

44
Q

State why people who short-sighted cannot see distant objects clearly

A

• eyeball is too long
• light rays meet in front of the retina

45
Q

Describe how an impulse passes from the relay neurone to the motor neurone (3 marks)

A

• impulse in relay neurone triggers release of a chemical
• neurotransmitter diffuses
• across the synapse
• new impulse triggered in motor neurone

46
Q

Explain the function of a reflex arc

A

• a process that occurs in response to danger
• so there is a quick reaction

• protects body from hand —> pulling hand fast away from fire

47
Q

The gap between two neurones is called…

A

Synapse

48
Q

Explain how the reactions of a person are affected by alcohol

A

• slows down reaction time
• reduces transmission across synapses/reduced neurotransmission

49
Q

Explain why myelination is needed on motor neurones but not on neurones in brain

A

• myelination speeds up impulses
• motor neurones transmit information from CNS
• motor neurones transmit information over a greater distance than neurones in brain

50
Q

Explain how a signal is transmitted at a synapse (6 marks)

A

• neurones transmit electrical impulses
• synapse is a gap between 2 neurones
• triggering the release of neurotransmitters
• which diffuse across the synapse
• as a chemical signal
• neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the next neurone
• triggering an electrical impulse in the next neurone

51
Q

Explain how painkillers reduce the pain felt by a person

A

• prevent neurotransmitters binding to receptors in the next neurone
• electrical impulse not triggered
• signal is not received by the CNS
• person does not feel pain

52
Q

Explain how impulses are transmitted at synapses (4 marks)

A

• synapse is a gap between neurones
• electrical impulse stimulates the release of chemical
• neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse (gap)
• stimulates an electrical impulse in next neurone

53
Q

Role of sensory neurones (2)

A

• transmit electrical impulses
• from receptors to CNS / brain / spinal cord / relay neurone

Biology Paper 1 – Exam Questions (4 decks)

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