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ExMet > Health benefits > Flashcards

Health benefits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the latest recommendations for exercise?

A

30 minutes moderate intensity at least 5 days a week
150 minutes

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2
Q

Why is PA regarded as a bigger risk factor to health than smoking?

A

65% males and 76% females do not achieve the weekly guidelines for exercise

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3
Q

When is the build up of fatty plaque first present in life?

A

1st decade of life

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4
Q

When is cholesterol dangerous?

A

When it has been modified, e.g. oxidised

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5
Q

What protein wraps around LDL and HDL?

A

Apolipoprotein
A - HDL
B - LDL

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6
Q

What initiates plaque formation?

A

Damage/infection to endothelial layer

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7
Q

Why is there more adhesion molecules at the branch points of the arteries?

A

Less laminar flow
Less flow over eNOS
Less production of nitric oxide
Reduced vasodilation and increased adhesion molecules

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8
Q

What is the role of apolipoproteins?

A

To interact with other tissues
A - liver
B - less specific

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9
Q

Fatty plaque formation and atherosclerosis

A

Damage/infection to endothelial layer
WBC release cytokines attracting monocytes
Monocytes interact with adhesion molecules
Enter endothelial layer via diapedesis
PLGF promotes smooth muscle in intima
Monocytes mature into macrophages
Consume modified cholesterol forming foam cells
Macrophages release proteolytic enzymes and free radicals
Enhancing necrotic core
Leading to further inflammation

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10
Q

What happens if cholesterol levels drop?

A

Cells produce more LDL receptors
LDL binds to receptor
Cell cholesterol level increases

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11
Q

Why do macrophages consume cholesterol in an uncontrolled way

A

Scavenger receptors on membrane identifies pathogen - modified LDL
Scavenger cells can not turn off

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12
Q

What makes HDL an atherogenic? (3)

A

Slows the modification of cholesterol
Reduces expression of adhesion molecules
Promotes cholesterol efflux

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13
Q

What is cholesterol efflux?

A

Free cholesterol taken up by HDL
Binds by LCAT enzyme
Transported to liver and binds via apolipoprotein A
Excreted as bile

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14
Q

What are the benefits of exercise on HDL levels?

A

TG in circulation for a shorter period

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15
Q

Why does it take longer for fats to appear in the bloodstream?

A

Fats packaged into chylomicrons in intestine
Assembled in lacteals and drained from lymphatic system
Chylomicron broken down and enters liver - monoglycerol and FFA
Apolipoprotein B100 repackages fat into VLDL

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16
Q

What happens when VLDL ‘bumps’ into LDL/HDL?

A

Exchange of TAG and CE
Via CEPT
HDL catabolised in kidney

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17
Q

What are the effects of TG rich VLDL on lipoprotein profile?

A

VLDL increases
HDL decrease

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18
Q

What test can we do to measure fat levels?

A

Oral fat tolerance test

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19
Q

What happens to fat during exercise? (2)

A

LPL break down FFA and enters muscle
Liver oxidises more fat, less being repackaged into VLDL

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20
Q

What effect does prior exercise have on blood flow?

A

Blood flow is redistributed towards the liver

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21
Q

What is a benefit of regular exercise training on fat?

A

Increased LPL due to capillarisation
Decreasing LDL and VLDL

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22
Q

What enzymes breakdown/reform fat stores?

A

LPL
HSL

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23
Q

What is insulins effect on fat storage enzymes?

A

LPL - activates
HSL - inhibits

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24
Q

What action does insulin have on the hepatocytes?

A

Inhibits apoB100, therefore decreasing repacking into VLDL

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25
Q

What effect does training have on LCAT and CEPT?

A

LCAT increases
CEPT decreases

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26
Q

What are the best methods to assess body composition?

A

MRI
DEXA
Underwater weighin

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27
Q

How many years does obesity reduce lifespan by?

A

Approx. 8-10 years

28
Q

What are increased disease risks associated with obesity?

A

CVD
Hypertension
Stroke
Cancer
Diabetes

29
Q

Does fat or CHO have a larger store of energy in adipose tissue?

A

Fat
Fat 9kcal/g, CHO 4kcal/g

30
Q

What proteins does adipose tissue produce? (4)

A

Adipokine
Leptin
Adiponectin
aP2

31
Q

What cytokines does adipose tissue produce?

A

TNF-a
Il-6

32
Q

What happens in the proximal insulin cascade?

A

Insulin binds to receptor
Tyrosine exposed becoming phosphorylated
IRS-1 binds to beta unit becoming phosphorylated
Activates PI3 kinase
Phosphorylating PIP2 to PIP3

33
Q

What effect does fat derivatives and TNF-a have on the insulin cascade pathway?

A

Exposure of serine inhibits phosphorylation of IRS-1

34
Q

What effect does obesity have on insulin and fat storage?

A

Decreased activation of LPL
Decreased inhibition of HSL

35
Q

What is the role of adipokines - which one is the odd one out?

A

Make cells insulin resistance
Adiponectin is insulin sensitive

36
Q

What effect does obesity have on adipokines?

A

Increases insulin resistance
Decreases insulin sensitivity

37
Q

What molecule inhibits the action of CPT-1 and therefore the oxidation of fat in the mitochondria?

A

Malonyl-coA

38
Q

Describe the pathway that inhibits the action of malonyl-coA on CPT-1?

A

Adiponection binds to receptor
Phosphorylating AMPK
Phosphorylating ACC
Inhibits conversion of acetyl-coA
Preventing fat accumulation

39
Q

What effect does training have on adipokines?

A

Insulin resistance adipokines decrease
Adiponectin increases

40
Q

What components contribute to energy expenditure?

A

Exercise
Non-exercise activity (NEAT)
Thermal effect of feeding (TEF)
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

41
Q

What is BMR?

A

The amount of energy required by the body when lying down - largest contributor to energy expenditure

42
Q

What happens to energy balance when exercise intensity increases?

A

Overall greater negative energy balance
Increase in energy consumption

43
Q

What happens to BMR if undertaking a diet?

A

Decrease in fat AND muscle
Decreasing BMR

44
Q

What hormone is responsible for regulation metabolic rate?

A

T3 - produced in the thyroid

45
Q

Name the hunger hormones and their functions. (2)

A

Ghrelin - increases drive to eat
Leptin - decreased drive to eat

46
Q

What is the effect of obesity on ghrelin?

A

Increased drive to eat

47
Q

What is the effect of obesity on leptin?

A

The brain desensitises activity of leptin
Therefore, ghrelin not switched off
Leading to insulin resistance

48
Q

What hormone release glucose into the bloodstream?

A

Glucagon

49
Q

What methods are used to measure insulin sensitivity/resistance?

A

Hyperinsulinemia euglycemic clamp
Oral glucose tolerance test
HOMA

50
Q

Describe the process of the hyperinsulinemia euglycemic clamp protocol

A

Flood the body with large amount of insulin
Translocation of GLUT4
Measure through back of hand
Glucose infusion altered to steady state

51
Q

When is the golden period to consume CHO?

A

Within 30 minutes post exercise as GLUT4 transporters are still present on membrane

52
Q

What activates AMPK enzyme?

A

AMP
Calcium

53
Q

What drug can be given to replicate AMP and ‘trick’ to activate AMPK?

A

AICAR drug - phosphorylated to become ZMP

54
Q

Describe the distal insulin cascade pathway.

A

PKB phosphorylates TBC1D4
Conversion of Rab-GPD to Rab-GTP
GLUT4 translocated to membrane

55
Q

Describe the insulin-independent cascade pathway.

A

AMP and calcium increase
Activating AMPK
Phosphorylating TBC1D4
Converting Rab-GDP to Rab-GTP
Translocation of GLUT4

56
Q

What drug can be given to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

Metformin

57
Q

How does regular training promote mitochondrial biogenesis?

A

Increase AMP and calcium
Activates AMPK
Activating transcription factor
Enters nucleus and attaches to PGC1-a

58
Q

How does training alter glycaemic control?

A

Expression of GLUT4
Production of GLU4
Insulin signalling
Increase glycogen synthase

59
Q

What are the 4 actions of AMPK?

A

GLUT4 translocation
GLUT4 production
Fat transport into mitochondria
Mitochondrial biogenesis

60
Q

What does Syndrome X relate to?

A

The resistance to insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose

61
Q

What is the action of insulin on ghrelin?

A

Decreases release of ghrelin

62
Q

What is de novo lipogenesis?

A

Conversion of glucose into TG

63
Q

What are thiazolidinediones?

A

Family of drugs that correct insulin resistance - pioglitazone

64
Q

What is the action of thiazolidinediones?

A

Activates PPAR-g to store TG in adipose
Increases adiponectin

65
Q

How does insulin vasodilate blood vessels?

A

Insulin binds to receptor
IRS-1 activates IP3K
Activates eNOS
Increased release of nitric oxide
Vessel dilates

66
Q

Why is PAI-1 more active in obese people?

A

Blood is more likely to clot, therefore PAI-1 required

ExMet (3 decks)

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