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ExMet > Acute metabolic responses > Flashcards

Acute metabolic responses Flashcards

Block 1 ExMet MW

1
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride linkages

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2
Q

How much ATP is stored in muscle?

A

5.6 mmol/kg

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3
Q

How much ATP is used whilst sprinting per second? Approx. how long does it last for?

A

3.7 mmol/kg/s
< 2 seconds

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4
Q

How much ATP is used in sub-maximal exercise per second? Approx. how long does it last?

A

0.4 mmol/kg/s
< 15 seconds

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5
Q

Name the two types of phosphorylation that resynthesis ATP in skeletal muscle.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation - PCr and glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in the resynthesis of ATP in PCr system and their function?

A

Creatine kinase - removes Pi from Cr
Adenylate kinase - phosphorylates ADP

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7
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

Sources for glycolysis and its products?

A

Circulating glucose
Stored glycogen in skeletal muscle, liver
2 x pyruvate
Or, 2 x lactate

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9
Q

What enzyme is responsible for converting glucose into glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

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10
Q

What metabolite is oxidised in glycolysis and why is it important?

A

NAD+ - must be oxidised for pyruvate to enter krebs cycle

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11
Q

What enzymes are responsible for the conversion of pyruvate (2)?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase - to acetylcoA
Lactate dehydrogenase - lactate

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12
Q

What is the importance of the citric cycle?

A

Oxidation of electron carriers which can be used in oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

What happens to the metabolites in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

H+ move across mitochondrial membrane to create electrochemical gradient to activate ATP synthase

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14
Q

What is the final product of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

H20

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15
Q

What type of oxidation does fat undergo to enter Krebs cycle?

A

beta oxidation

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16
Q

What are the main 2 factors affecting exercise?

A

Exercise intensity and exercise duration

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17
Q

What is the importance of recovery in between exercise bouts?

A

Allows for the replenishment of ATP

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18
Q

What is the preferred source of fuel in endurance exercise?

A

CHO

19
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio equation

A

VCO2 / VO2

20
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Exercise induced decrease in ability to produce force

21
Q

Factors influencing fatigue?

A

Reduced ATP
Reduced PC
Increased Pi
Increased H+

22
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Increased presence of H+ decreases pH
Therefore, affecting rate of enzyme function

23
Q

Possible mechanisms of fatigue (4)

A

Reduced calcium reuptake
Reduced calcium release
Calcium insensitivity
Transport of potassium

24
Q

Causes of fatigue during endurance exercise? (4)

A

Reduced CHO stores
Impaired handling of calcium
Reduced propagation of sarcolemma
Greater reliance of fat

25
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen stores?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

26
Q

Why is lactate produced?

A

The system cannot keep up with the demand of pyruvate conversion to acetyl-coA

27
Q

Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Increased epinephrine and IC calcium activates phosphorylase kinase
Phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase
Via a process called covalent regulation

28
Q

What is an allosteric regulator?

A

Direct interaction with another molecule to change its function, e.g. ADP and AMP

29
Q

What stimulates phosphofructokinase?

A

Products of ATP - ADP and AMP
Fructose-6-phosphate

30
Q

What reducing equivalent is important in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

A

NADH to NAD+

31
Q

What are the key regulators during intense exercise? (2)

A

Phosphorylase
Phosphofructokinase

32
Q

What activates release of CHO from the liver?

A

Increased epinephrine
Increased glucagon to insulin ratio
Increased glucose output

33
Q

How does circulating glucose enter skeletal muscle?

A

GLUT4 transporter - further detail in block 3 cards

34
Q

Regulation of PDH enzyme during exercise.

A

Regulated via covalent regulation of PDH phosphotase
Increased IC calcium activated PDH phosphotase
PDH activated by the removal of Pi

35
Q

What stimulates isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle?

A

Increased intracellular calcium

36
Q

What is the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue called? And what enzymes are involved?

A

Lipolysis
TG lipase and hormone sensitive lipase

37
Q

What does FFA bind to in the blood

A

Albumin

38
Q

What stimulates breakdown of fats?

A

Increased epinephrine
And increased IC calcium in muscle stores

39
Q

What molecule transports fat into the mitochondria and what process occurs?

A

Carnitine
Beta oxidation

40
Q

Why isn’t fat recruited at higher intensities? (4)

A

CHO regenerates ATP at a faster rate
Decreased adipose tissue blood flow
Inhibition of HSL
Decreased transportation of fat via carnitine

41
Q

What regulates rate of beta oxidation?

A

Beta-HAD

42
Q

What 3 structure uses the most ATP in the body during exercise, and what do they allow?

A

Myoisin ATPase
Calcium ATPase
Na+ and K+ ATPase

43
Q

Where do the two steps of substrate phosphorylation take place in the glycolysis?

A

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

44
Q

How many molecules of glucose produce ATP?

A

2 x ATP from circulating glucose
3 x ATP from stored glucose

ExMet (3 decks)

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