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Introduction to the Pharmacy Profession > Health Beliefs and Behaviours > Flashcards

Health Beliefs and Behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use theories?

A

To pull together learning from prior research (organize ideas) and prevent from “inventing the wheel” (keeps science moving forwards” and finally to allow for the testing and refuting of ideas within a scientific dialogue.

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2
Q

What are the guiding principles for applying theory to medication use?

A

(1) There is no single theory that is appropriate for all medication use research.
(2) Behavioural science theories are probabilistic, not deterministic
(3) Many factors outside of patient control influence patient medication use
(4) Every patient is unique
(5) Patient motivation is a fundamental ingredient required to optimize medication use, especially when maintenance of the long term behaviour is the goal.
(6) Health care providers can have a profound effect on patient medication use, and this effect can operate through several causal pathways: exchanging information, validating and responding to patient’s emotional needs, managing uncertainty etc.

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3
Q

What is the Sick Role Theory?

A

It is a theory that defined the behaviours expected of a person defined as sick. It was created because it tells us what we should expect from each other.

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4
Q

What are the rights and duties of the person taking part in the Sick Role?

A

Rights: freedom from blame for illness and exemption from normal roles and tasks
Duties: intend to get well and cooperate with HCPs

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5
Q

What are the problems with the Sick Role?

A

(1) The sick role is not necessarily temporary (Chronic Disease is now a problem and people may not follow the rights and duties in this care)
(2) The sick role is not always voluntary (the HCP has to decide if we are sick or not)
(3) Variability in Sick Role legitimacy - some people lead a life style which results in illness
(4) Responsible for illness (is the person responsible for the illness?)

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6
Q

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

A

This theory explores what it is like to be the person who tries to understand what to do in life’s many encounters. It views personality in terms of how the PERSON thinks about the SITUATIONS encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them!

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7
Q

What are the four sources of self-efficacy proposed by Social-Cognitive Theory?

A

(1) Physiological and affective states: how you feel, what is happening in your life at the moment.
(2) Vicarious Experiences: learn by watching people
(3) Social Persuasion: encouragement or pressures
(4) Mastery Experiences: process of learning in safe to real environments.

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8
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

It is defined as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce a designated level of performance that exercises influence over the event that affect their lives. It is specific to a behaviour and involves evaluation of person’s skills as well as their confidence in a skill!

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9
Q

What is mastery learning?

A

A skill will be modelled to convey the basic rules and strategies. Learners will first practice the skill in a controlled environment and receive feedback. They will then apply the skill in work situations that are expected to bring success. Then you need to see someone do it and practice in a safe place before going out into the real world.

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10
Q

What is Social Support?

A

It is the theory and fact that networking helps people cope with stressful events. It is the fact that social relationships have a great impact on health education and health behaviour.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of social support?

A

Emotional Support: sharing life experiences
Instrumental Support: tangible aid
Informational Support: advice, suggestions and informations
Appraisal Supports: information useful for self-evaluation purposes.

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12
Q

What is coping and stress theory?

A

This is a theory that explains how some people are better able to handle stressful events better then others, due to how they cope with stress.

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13
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

This is how a person first assess a situation - how bad is it?

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14
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

This is a person determining if they can handle a stressful situation.

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15
Q

Which people tend to handle stressful situations better?

A

Wealthy people, because they have more resources.

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16
Q

What are coping efforts?

A

They are actual strategies used to mediate primary and secondary appraisals.

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17
Q

What are the two types of coping efforts?

A

Emotional Regulation: strategies aimed at changing how one thinks or feels about a stressful situation.
Problem Regulation: strategies aimed at changing a stressful situation.

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18
Q

What is dispositional coping?

A

These are generalized ways of behaving that can affect a person’s emotional or functional reaction.

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19
Q

What are the two types of dispositional coping?

A

Optimism: the tendency to have generalized positive expectancies for outcomes.
Information Seeking: attentional styles that are vigilant (monitoring) versus those that involve avoidance (blunting)

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20
Q

What is the trans-theoretical model?

A

This is the Stages of Change Theory. It states that a person is in one of 5 stages of readiness to change their behaviour.

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21
Q

What are some basic things you must remember when applying the trans-theoretical model to people?

A

In the first 3 stages, people are weighing the pros and cons.
Do not assume people are ready to change.
People move or cycle through the stages of change.
Pushing to hard may result in resistance.

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22
Q

What are the 5 stages in the trans-theoretical model?

A 
Pre-Contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
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23
Q

What is the pre-contemplation stage?

A

The cons outweigh the pros and the person in this stage will not be considering change for a while.

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24
Q

What is the contemplation stage?

A

The person has lower self efficacy, and are thinking about changing in about 6 months. They are open to information.

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25
Q

What is the preparation stage?

A

The person is ready for action within 30 days and has made 1 attempt. They are often unsure that they can do this.

26
Q

What is the action stage?

A

The person is making the effort to change.

27
Q

What is the maintenance stage?

A

The person is engaged for at least 6 months and is more able to identify the situations causing relapse. The person is becoming who they want to be.

28
Q

What are the experiential processes of change?

A

Consciousness raising - increase awareness
Dramatic relief - emotional arousal
Environmental reevaluation - social reappraisal
Social liberation - environmental opportunities
Self-reevaluation - self reappraisal

29
Q

What are the behavioural processes of change?

A 
Stimulus control - re-engineering to remove things that remind the person of relapsing...
Helping relationships - supporting
Counter-conditioning - subsituting
Reinforcement management - rewarding
Self-liberation - committing
30
Q

What is self-regulation theory?

A

This is the common sense model of illness, in which patients actively solve problems by seeking information from their own experiences to form illness representations based on what the symptoms are, what caused it, how long it will last, what will happen as a result and whether or not it can be controlled or cured.

31
Q

How should we be considering health?

A

As a resource for everyday life, and NOT the objective of living.

32
Q

What is equality?

A

It is sameness - it promotes fairness and justice by giving everyone the same thing.

33
Q

What is equity?

A

Fairness - it is making sure that people get access to the same opportunities.

34
Q

What are health inequities?

A

They are avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries.

35
Q

What are three factors to consider with health inequity?

A

Where we live
Who we know
What we do

36
Q

What is most responsible for health inequities?

A

Social Determinants

37
Q

What are the top three factors affecting student performance at the UofA?

A

Anxiety
Stress
SLeep

38
Q

In terms of environment, how do the various factors scale, on contribution to health inequities?

A 
60% = social, environment and economic factors
25% = health care system
15% = genetics
39
Q

How does education contribute to health inequities?

A

Higher levels of education mean better health. This is because higher levels of education mean greater income and employment, literacy, skills and civic engagement.
Lower levels of health mean increased stress and lower self confidence, challenges with housing and income, food security, employment.

40
Q

What has been linked to children’s performance in school?

A

Parental education attainment

41
Q

How does employment and working conditions contribute to health inequities?

A

Unemployment = deprivation and negative coping behaviours = incoming, social connections and self esteem deprivation
Workings conditions = cause stress, injuries, negative impacts on personal relationships and children’s behaviour.

42
Q

How does income and income distribution affect health inequities?

A

Higher income means: faster access to health care services, more money for expensive, healthier foods, better living conditions and life expectancy…
Lower income predisposes to suicide, lower life expectancy, heart attack and diabetes.

43
Q

How does Early Childhood Development impact health inequities?

A

Via latency, pathway and cumulative effects…

44
Q

What are latency effects?

A

Refers to how early childhood experiences predispose to health outcomes later in life, regardless of life circumstances.

45
Q

What are pathway effects?

A

They refer to situations that do not have an immediate impact on health but can have an effect later on in life.

46
Q

What are cumulative effects?

A

Refer to the notion that the longer children live under conditions of deprivation, the more likely they will exhibit poor health and development outcomes.

47
Q

What are social support networks that affect health inequities?

A

Sense of belonging, social safety net and social exclusion

48
Q

What is a social safety net?

A

It is protection during life changes/transitions… raising children, attaining education, seeking housing, labor force, reaching retirement.
Creation of a welfare system to support citizens dealing with threats and is more then just financial.

49
Q

What are social exclusions?

A

Refers to the exclusion of specific groups from being able to fully participate in life. Marginalized groups have reduced access to a variety of social and economic resources. A sense of powerlessness influces the living conditions and personal experiences of individuals and populations…

50
Q

What are four key aspects of social support networks?

A

Denial of participation in civil affairs
Denial of social goods
Exclusion for social production
Exclusion from economic resources.

51
Q

Where can we have an impact on health inequities?

A

Adopt improved governance for health and development. Promote participation in policy (making and implementing) Reorient the health sector towards promoting health.
Strengthen global governance and collagboration
Monitor progress and increase accountability.

52
Q

What are some prerequisites for health?

A

Peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.

53
Q

What is the Health For All Framework?

A

It is a WHO initiative, to promote and protect people’s health throughout the course of their lives. It is trying to reduce the suffering and incidence of main disease and injuries.

54
Q

What are the three basic values for Health for All Framework?

A

Health is a fundamental right
Equality
Equity

55
Q

What is the new approach to solving health inequities?

A

Coordinated approaches with other people (from different areas besides just health) and multiple strategies at different levels and alliances/collaborations with many groups.

56
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health.

57
Q

What are the key principles of health promotions?

A

Advocation: are the factors influencing health favourable or harmful?
Enable: do all individuals have the opportunity to achieve their fullest health potential?
Mediate: we all have a role to play and health must become a priority for all sectors.

58
Q

What five important strategies and international commitments developed by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A

Strengthen community action: empowerment of communities to achieve better health to result in ownership, involement, learning opportunities, information and funding support.
Develop personal skills: personal and social development through education to provide health literacy, engage citizenship and personal control over environments.
Create supportive environments: change the environment and where we live to close the gap and generate natural, healthy environments.
Reorient health services: health is a responsibility among all individuals of a community - inter-sectoral collaboration, prioritization…
Build healthy public policy: equity in all areas in order to close the gap

59
Q

What were the new key determinants in health declared during the Jakarta Declaration?

A 
Urbanization
Aging society
Chronic disease
Mental health concerns
Social and behavioural trends
60
Q

In which areas did the Jakarta Declaration decide more purposeful work was necessary?

A

(1) Promote social responsibility for health
(2) Increase investments for health development
(3) Consolidate and expand partnerships for health
(4) Increase community capacity and empower the invidiual
(5) Secure infrastructure for health promotion

61
Q

What is a theory?

A

It is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systemic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain or predict the events.

Introduction to the Pharmacy Profession (7 decks)

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