Health Behaviour and Motivational Interviewing

Question 1

Define health related behaviour

Answer 1

Any behaviour that may promote good health or lead to illness

Question 2

List the three learning theories

Answer 2

• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Social learning theory

Question 3

List the two cognition models

Answer 3

• Health belief model

- Theory of planned behaviour

Question 4

Define classical conditioning

Answer 4

Behaviour based on association with other stimuli (behaviour becomes habit)

Question 5

What is another name for classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 6

Who gave the first example of this?

Answer 6

Pavlov and his dog

Question 7

Briefly outline Pavlov’s experiment with dogs

Answer 7

• A dog would be presented with food, causing the dog to salivate.
• A bell would be rang at the same time.
• After a while the dog would salivate on the ringing of the bell even without being presented with food.
• The behaviour of salivation became associated with the other stimulus.

Question 8

Give examples of how responses can become classical condition with relation to Health Related Behaviour

Answer 8

• Anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy

- Phobias e.g. Fear of hospitals

Question 9

What result does Classical conditioning have in Health Related Behaviour?

Answer 9

Behaviour is unconsciously paired with the environment or emotions

Question 10

Define Operant conditioning

Answer 10

People or animals behaving as a result of the consequences of their actions in the same situation in the past (reinforcement by reward or punishment)

Question 11

How is behaviour reinforced in operant conditioning?

Answer 11

By reward or removal of punishment

Question 12

How is behaviour discouraged in Operant conditioning?

Answer 12

By punishment or removal of reward

Question 13

How does operant conditioning negatively impact health related behaviour?

Answer 13

Unhealthy behaviours are often immediately rewarding and driven by the short term.

Question 14

Define the Social learning theory

Answer 14

Behaviour can be based on our observations of other people’s behaviour and see who gets rewarded and who gets punished

Question 15

How does other people’s behaviour influence our own?

Answer 15

Behaviour is focused on our desired goals/outcomes. We are motivated to perform behaviours that are “high value” or ones we believe we can re-enact.

Question 16

Who can influence socially learned behaviour?

Answer 16

Family can often show us behaviour that we believe we can re-enact.

Celebrities play a key role in demonstrating “high value” behaviour.

Question 17

What to social cognition models do?

Answer 17

They focus on cognitive factors in health-related behaviour - including: knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations

Question 18

Outline the Health Belief Model using a diagram

Answer 18

Insert Diagram here

Question 19

Whet are the limitations of the Health Belief Model?

Answer 19

• Rationale and reasoning - often consequences are only thought about after the action.
• Decisions - habit, conditioned behaviour, and coercion can affect them.
• Doesn’t consider emotional factors - e.g. Fear
• Incomplete - self-efficacy and broader social factors not considered

Question 20

Outline the theory of Planned Behaviour using a diagram

Answer 20

insert diagram here

Question 21

What is the limitation of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Answer 21

It is a good predictor of intentions but a poor predictor of behaviour.

The problem comes in translating intentions into actions.

Question 22

What is the Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) model?

Answer 22

A model of 5 stages which people may pass through over time in decision making about changing their behaviour.

Question 23

Why is it important to consider the transtheoretical model when looking at Health Behaviour?

Answer 23

Because the way people think about health behaviours and their willingness to change their behaviour are not static.

Question 24

How may the different stages of the transtheoretical model affect health behaviour?

Answer 24

Different cognitions may be important determinants of health behaviour at different times.

Question 25

Outline using a diagram the Stages of Change (transtheoretical) model.

Answer 25

insert diagram from lecture

Question 26

Describe a person’s attitude to changing their behaviour in the pre-contemplation stage.

Answer 26

They are not considering changing their behaviour.

Question 27

Describe a person’s attitude to changing their behaviour in the contemplation stage.

Answer 27

They are beginning to consider changing their behaviour. This may occur as a result of a trigger.

Question 28

Describe a person’s attitude to changing their behaviour in the preparation stage.

Answer 28

They are preparing themselves to undertake the change.

Question 29

Describe a person’s attitude to changing their behaviour in the action stage.

Answer 29

The person has made the change in their behaviour for the short term.

Question 30

Describe a person’s attitude to changing their behaviour in the maintenence stage.

Answer 30

The action taken to change the behaviour is consolidated and maintained in the long term.

Question 31

Describe relapse with relation to the transtheoretical model.

Answer 31

A person can relapse back to their previous behaviour at any point and may need to run through the cycle once more.

Question 32

What is the importance of recognising relapse?

Answer 32

It normalises it as part of the process and encourages people not to give up after a relapse.

Question 33

Why is it important for a healthcare professional to consider a patients stage in the transtheoretical model when providing assistance?

Answer 33

The intervention provided must be appropriate for the stage the person is at.

Question 34

What strategies can be used to encourage positive changes in health behaviour?

Answer 34

Information - health education, health promotion.

Behavioural skills and resources e.g. Smoking cessation programmes, exercise advice

Incentives e.g. Financial incentives

Question 35

What is motivational interviewing?

Answer 35

Motivational interviewing is a client-centred, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.

Question 36

What is the aim of motivational interviewing?

Answer 36

To elicit the patient’s own arguments for change

Question 37

What are the important things to do when conducting a motivational interview?

Answer 37

Express empathy

Develop discrepancy

Roll with resistance

Support self-efficacy