Health and Wellbeing in a Global Context Flashcards
Human Development characteristics (PLEAD)
Participate in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
Lead long, healthy, productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests
Expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities
Access to knowledge, health and resources needed for a decent standard of living
Develop to their full potential
Human Development characteristics - P
Participate in their community and decisions affecting their lives
Human Development characteristics - L
Lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests
Human Development characteristics - E
Expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities
Human Development characteristics - A
Access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living
Human Development characteristics - D
Develop to their full potential
What is GNI
Gross National Income
How do we classify countries
High income country
Middle income country
Low income country
Why classifying countries are important
Guiding policies and interventions to improve health and wellbeing experienced
To identify issues in other countries and provide assistance if necessary
Characteristics of high, middle and low income countries (SEE)
Social
Economical
Environmental
Who developed the MODERN classification system of countries
WORLD BANK
High income GNI per capita range
$12, 696 or more
Upper-middle income GNI per capita range
$4,096 - $12,695
Lower-middle income GNI per capita range
$1,046 - $4,095
Middle income GNI per capita range
$1,046 - $12,695
Low income GNI per capita range
$1045 or less
High income countries
Australia, Canada, USA
Upper-middle income countries
China, Russian Federation, Turkey
Lower-middle income countries
India, Pakistan, Cambodia
Low income countries
Chad, Zimbabwe, Uganda
What is poverty
A term commonly used to describe the lack of access to resources, often as a result of a lack of access to money, can be expressed as the proportion of those with incomes less than US $1.90 per day (extreme poverty wage)
Economic characteristics (PRAG)
Poverty
Range of industries
Average income
Global trade
What does global trade rely on
Relies on infrastructure such as roads, ports and airports which high income countries have, allowing transportation of goods
Identify characteristics common among low income countries relating to economics
Often have low average incomes
Infrastructure is often underdeveloped
Very few trade industries
Greater proportion of extreme poverty compared to high income countries
Social characteristics (THEEGBSL)
Technology
Health systems
Employment
Education
Gender equality
Birth rates & population growth
Social security systems
Legal systems
Factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease (PIGSS)
Poverty
Inequality and discrimination
Global distribution and marketing
Safe water
Sanitation
Access to safe water
Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead or mercury
Why we need safe water
Consumption - essential for optimal functioning of every cell in the body. Body cannot store water for later use, so must be consumed regularly
Washing and hygiene- clean water is required to maintain high levels of personal hygiene and prevents infection through handwashing, bathing and showering
Examples of waterborne diseaes
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhoea
Dysentery
Cholera
Access to sanitation
Refers to the provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine and faeces
Why we need sanitation
To maintain hygienic conditions such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal
Open defecation can end up in water sources and contaminate it
A simple communal toilet facility, often a trench dug in the ground or a pit
Latrine
Living on less than than US $1.90 per day
Extreme poverty
When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community (e.g. malnutrition and obesity)
Double burden
Those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income
Relative poverty
Refers to deprivation of resources to meet basic needs like food, clothing and shelter
Poverty
What is poverty
Education
Healthcare
Adequate housing
Government services (e.g. social protection and infrastructure)
Nutritious food
Clean water and sanitation
A communicable disease transmitted by mosquitoes
Malaria
Can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society
Globalisation
When a person or group of people are treated differently than others due to various reasosn
Discrimination
A communicable disease you can catch from contaminated water
Cholera
The process of eliminating contact between human and hazardous waste
Sanitation
Common forms of discrimination (GRRSS)
Gender identity
Race
Religion
Sex
Sexual orientation
Define human rights
The freedoms and conditions that every person is entitled to
The state of not being equal, especially in status and opportunities
Inequality
When a person or group of people are treated differently than other people, often on the grounds of Race, Religion, Sex, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (GRRSS)
Discrimination
When a person is treated less favourably by another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status
Racial discrimination
Based on religion or beliefs not allowing human rights and minimising access to education, health services and employment
Religious discrimination
Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat. Examples of this gas include carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons (used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays)
Greenhouse gases
A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles
Glacier
The variety of different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part
Biodiversity
An underground layer of rock, sediment or soil that contains water
Aquifers
Plants that remove salt, especially from sea water so that it can be used for drinking or irrigation
Desalination plants
The decrease in the pH levels of the ocean that occurs when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with the sea water
Acidification
A community of living things and the non-living components of the environment in which they live. Can include plants, animals, micro-organisms, water, air, soil and rocks
Ecosystem
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale
Globalisation
Those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution
Displaced people
A person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be determined
Asylum-seekers
A situation where a person does not have citizenship of any country. These individuals have no protection of their human, social or political rights and cannot access education or healthcare or have freedom of movement
Statelessness
Provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal
Sanitation
If a question asks for ‘factors’, what do you talk about?
PIGSS
PIGSS
Poverty
Inequality and discrimination
Global distribution
Sanitation
Safe water
Poverty
Refers to the deprivation of resources to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter
Extreme poverty
Those living on less than USD $1.90 a day
Explain discrimination
Unjust treatment and the violation of rights of an individual due to factors such as their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status
Globalisation
Globalisation is the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated, allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated, allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale
Globalisation
Global distribution and marketing
The advertising, selling and delivery of products on a global scale; for example the global marketing of alcohol, tobacco and processed foods
The advertising, selling and delivery of products on a global scale; for example the global marketing of alcohol, tobacco and processed foods
Global distribution and marketing
When a question asks ‘similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease’, what do you talk about
PIGSS
HDI
Human Development Index
Dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI)
A long and healthy life
Knowledge
A decent standard of living
Indicators of the Human Development Index (HDI)
Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
Gross National Income per capita
Indicator for a long and healthy life
Life expectancy at birth
Indicators for knowledge
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
Indicator for a decent standard of living
Gross National Income per capita
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainability
Define sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Who created the Human Development Index (HDI)
United Nations
Infectious diseases which are transmitted from the environment, such as air, water, food and other infected organisms including humans (e.g. HIV/aids, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases)
Communicable diseases
Communicable diseases
Infectious diseases which are transmitted from the environment, such as air, water, food and other infected organisms including humans (e.g. HIV/aids, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases)
Conditions or diseases that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly, also known as lifestyle diseases. They are not spread throughout the environment (e.g. cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes)
Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Conditions or diseases that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly, also known as lifestyle diseases. They are not spread throughout the environment (e.g. cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes)
A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators
Low income country
Define low income country
A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators
A country that has progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators
High income country
Define high income country
A country that has progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators
Patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that have an affect at some stage in the future and require action to be taken at a global level
Global trends
Implications for health and wellbeing of climate change (RECC)
Climate change
Rising sea levels
Changing weather patterns
Extreme weather events
Implications for health and wellbeing of conflict and mass migration (MC)
Conflict
Mass migration
Implications for health and wellbeing of world trade and tourism (WT)
World trade
Tourism
Implications for health and wellbeing of digital technologies (DC)
Digital technologies
Challenges of digital technologies
Economic sustainability (JITE)
Job creation
Innovation and diversity of industries
Trade
Economic growth
Social sustainability (PPEGA)
Peace and security
Promotion of political and legal right
Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection systems
Gender equality
Access to safe and decent working conditions
Environmental sustainability (WUBC)
Waste removal and pollution
Use of natural resources
Biodiversity
Climate change
