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GCSE History > Health and the People > Flashcards

Health and the People Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Four Humours

A

• Blood
• Black Bile
• Phlegm
• Yellow Bile

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2
Q

What did Galen believe caused disease?

A

An imbalance of the Four Humours

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3
Q

What was Galens Theory of Opposites?

A

Theory that treating a patient with the opposite of their symptoms would balance their humours and cure them.

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4
Q

Why did the Church support Galen?

A

He was monotheistic rather than believing in Greek Gods

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5
Q

What is Galen’s Miasma Theory and when was it popular?

A

The idea that inhaling “bad air” caused disease. Popular in the medieval period

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6
Q

How long did Galens ideas lead as the foundation for medicine

A

1400 years

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7
Q

When and where was Hippocrates born?

A

460 AD, Ancient Greece

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates advocate for?

A

Using natural treatments to treat disease, rather than just caring for patients

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9
Q

Name 3 Ideas/Theories Hippocrates developed about medicine

A

• 4 Humours Theory
• Clinical Observation
• Hippocratic Oath

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10
Q

What is Clinical Observation?

A

Clinical Observation involves a doctor being objective, using observation and logic to deduce what was wrong with a patient.

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11
Q

What is the Hippocratic Oath?

A

An oath of ethics which binds doctors to a set of ethical standards to treat their patients well.

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12
Q

Who developed the Theory of the Four Humours?

A

Hippocrates

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13
Q

What is the theory of the Four Humours?

A

The belief that the body has four bodily fluids, an imbalance of which caused illness.

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14
Q

What did Ancient Greeks believe caused illness and how did they treat it?

A

They believe illness was caused by an imbalance of the four humors. Bloodletting and purging were common methods for treating illness.

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15
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to water and winter?

A

Phlegm

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16
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to spring and air?

A

Blood

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17
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to autumn and earth?

A

Black Bile

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18
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to Fire and summer?

A

Yellow Bile

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19
Q

Why did Roman Emperors spend lots on aqueducts?

A

They thought dirty water made people ill

20
Q

Did the Romans believe that the supernatural could cause disease?

A

Yes

21
Q

What did Ancient Roman Medicine show about the role of government in medicine?

A

The governments building of Aqueducts and sewage systems improved the health of the citizens, showing the importance of government in the state of medicine

22
Q

What did the Greeks believe about the blood?

A

It was absorbed by the body not pumped around

23
Q

Who tried to preserve Ancient Greek and Roman texts after the Roman Empire fell?

A

Monks

24
Q

How did Medieval doctors learn their trade?

A

Through word of mouth, personal experience or from apothecaries

25
Q

What is a Barber surgeon?

A

A barber who also provided medical services because they had access to razors

26
Q

What was the issue with Barber surgeons?

A

They used unclean instrument and they weren’t trained, so many people died of blood loss

27
Q

Whose methods did medieval doctors use?

A

Hippocrates’ and Galen’s.

28
Q

What influence did the Church have on medical education?

A

Most doctors were trained at unis set up by the church, so Galen’s methods were widely used in medicine

29
Q

Why did the Church like Galen so much?

A

Because he was monotheistic and they thought his ideas fit with their view of God.

30
Q

Name 3 things a medieval doctor would have:

A
  • A book to record possible illness
  • Leeches for bloodletting
  • Zodiac chart to predict future illnesses
  • Aromatic herbs to get rid of miasma
31
Q

Why did most people go to barber surgeons or monasteries instead of proper doctors?

A

Because proper doctors were expensive so only the richest could go.

32
Q

What did Christians believe about God and illness?

A

That illness was a punishment from God and he was the only one who could heal it

33
Q

What did the Church believe was the best treatment from illness?

A

Prayer

34
Q

How did the Church slow down medical progress?

A
  • Forbode dissection meaning Galen’s mistaken ideas about anatomy couldn’t be corrected
  • Spent money on the Crusades rather than medicine
35
Q

How did the Crusades help the progression of medicine?

A

Western Doctors met Muslim Doctors meaning ideas from the Islamic empire started to be used in Europe

36
Q

What were Christian hospitals mainly for?

A

Caring for patients rather than treating them

37
Q

Name two incorrect theories Galen formulated about anatomy

A
  • That we had holes in our hearts
  • That we absorbed blood into the body instead of it being pumped around
38
Q

Why did the Islamic Empire aim to further scientific research?

A

Because the Qu’ran supports research and learning

39
Q

What is “The Canon of Medicine” and who is it by?

A

An encyclopaedia of Ancient Greek and Islamic Medicine by Muslim physician Avicenna

40
Q

When was The Canon of Medicine written and how long was it vital for?

A

Written in 10th Century, vital until 17th

41
Q

What did Al-Nafis claim about Galen in the 13th Century?

A

That his beliefs about blood being produced in the liver was wrong

42
Q

Why couldn’t Al-Nafis prove his beliefs about the blood correct?

A

Islam forbade dissection so Galen was believed until the 17th Century

43
Q

How did Alchemists help the development of drugs?

A

They used processes such as distillation which later became a part of drug making

44
Q

Who was Abulcasis and how did he help medical progress?

A

He was an Islamic physician who:
• Wrote a book about amputations, fixing wounds, dental stuff etc.
• Wrote a 30 vol. book on Medicine in the 11th Century
• Invented surgical instruments and popularised cauterisation

45
Q

In what way were Muslim hospitals more developed than Christian hospitals?

A

• They sought to treat patients
• They had isolation units for contagious patients
• Evidence suggests they performed post mortems

46
Q

When and how did Islamic medicine start to penetrate the Western world?

A

In the 11th Century when a merchant arrived in Italy

47
Q

What was a key component for spreading information between civilisations?

A

Trade Routes

GCSE History (3 decks)

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