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GCSE History > Health and the People > Flashcards

Health and the People Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Four Humours

A

• Blood
• Black Bile
• Phlegm
• Yellow Bile

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2
Q

What did Galen believe caused disease?

A

An imbalance of the Four Humours

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3
Q

What was Galens Theory of Opposites?

A

Theory that treating a patient with the opposite of their symptoms would balance their humours and cure them.

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4
Q

Why did the Church support Galen?

A

He was monotheistic rather than believing in Greek Gods

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5
Q

What is Galen’s Miasma Theory and when was it popular?

A

The idea that inhaling “bad air” caused disease. Popular in the medieval period

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6
Q

How long did Galens ideas lead as the foundation for medicine

A

1400 years

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7
Q

When and where was Hippocrates born?

A

460 AD, Ancient Greece

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates advocate for?

A

Using natural treatments to treat disease, rather than just caring for patients

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9
Q

Name 3 Ideas/Theories Hippocrates developed about medicine

A

• 4 Humours Theory
• Clinical Observation
• Hippocratic Oath

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10
Q

What is Clinical Observation?

A

Clinical Observation involves a doctor being objective, using observation and logic to deduce what was wrong with a patient.

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11
Q

What is the Hippocratic Oath?

A

An oath of ethics which binds doctors to a set of ethical standards to treat their patients well.

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12
Q

Who developed the Theory of the Four Humours?

A

Hippocrates

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13
Q

What is the theory of the Four Humours?

A

The belief that the body has four bodily fluids, an imbalance of which caused illness.

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14
Q

What did Ancient Greeks believe caused illness and how did they treat it?

A

They believe illness was caused by an imbalance of the four humors. Bloodletting and purging were common methods for treating illness.

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15
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to water and winter?

A

Phlegm

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16
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to spring and air?

A

Blood

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17
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to autumn and earth?

A

Black Bile

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18
Q

Which of the 4 Humours is related to Fire and summer?

A

Yellow Bile

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19
Q

Why did Roman Emperors spend lots on aqueducts?

A

They thought dirty water made people ill

20
Q

Did the Romans believe that the supernatural could cause disease?

21
Q

What did Ancient Roman Medicine show about the role of government in medicine?

A

The governments building of Aqueducts and sewage systems improved the health of the citizens, showing the importance of government in the state of medicine

22
Q

What did the Greeks believe about the blood?

A

It was absorbed by the body not pumped around

23
Q

Who tried to preserve Ancient Greek and Roman texts after the Roman Empire fell?

24
Q

How did Medieval doctors learn their trade?

A

Through word of mouth, personal experience or from apothecaries

25
What is a Barber surgeon?
A barber who also provided medical services because they had access to razors
26
What was the issue with Barber surgeons?
They used unclean instrument and they weren't trained, so many people died of blood loss
27
Whose methods did medieval doctors use?
Hippocrates' and Galen's.
28
What influence did the Church have on medical education?
Most doctors were trained at unis set up by the church, so Galen's methods were widely used in medicine
29
Why did the Church like Galen so much?
Because he was monotheistic and they thought his ideas fit with their view of God.
30
Name 3 things a medieval doctor would have:
- A book to record possible illness - Leeches for bloodletting - Zodiac chart to predict future illnesses - Aromatic herbs to get rid of miasma
31
Why did most people go to barber surgeons or monasteries instead of proper doctors?
Because proper doctors were expensive so only the richest could go.
32
What did Christians believe about God and illness?
That illness was a punishment from God and he was the only one who could heal it
33
What did the Church believe was the best treatment from illness?
Prayer
34
How did the Church slow down medical progress?
- Forbode dissection meaning Galen's mistaken ideas about anatomy couldn't be corrected - Spent money on the Crusades rather than medicine
35
How did the Crusades help the progression of medicine?
Western Doctors met Muslim Doctors meaning ideas from the Islamic empire started to be used in Europe
36
What were Christian hospitals mainly for?
Caring for patients rather than treating them
37
Name two incorrect theories Galen formulated about anatomy
- That we had holes in our hearts - That we absorbed blood into the body instead of it being pumped around
38
Why did the Islamic Empire aim to further scientific research?
Because the Qu’ran supports research and learning
39
What is “The Canon of Medicine” and who is it by?
An encyclopaedia of Ancient Greek and Islamic Medicine by Muslim physician Avicenna
40
When was The Canon of Medicine written and how long was it vital for?
Written in 10th Century, vital until 17th
41
What did Al-Nafis claim about Galen in the 13th Century?
That his beliefs about blood being produced in the liver was wrong
42
Why couldn’t Al-Nafis prove his beliefs about the blood correct?
Islam forbade dissection so Galen was believed until the 17th Century
43
How did Alchemists help the development of drugs?
They used processes such as distillation which later became a part of drug making
44
Who was Abulcasis and how did he help medical progress?
He was an Islamic physician who: • Wrote a book about amputations, fixing wounds, dental stuff etc. • Wrote a 30 vol. book on Medicine in the 11th Century • Invented surgical instruments and popularised cauterisation
45
In what way were Muslim hospitals more developed than Christian hospitals?
• They sought to treat patients • They had isolation units for contagious patients • Evidence suggests they performed post mortems
46
When and how did Islamic medicine start to penetrate the Western world?
In the 11th Century when a merchant arrived in Italy
47
What was a key component for spreading information between civilisations?
Trade Routes

GCSE History (3 decks)

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