Health and social care theories Unit 1

Question 1

What are the two theories of ageing?

Answer 1

Activity theory and social disengagement theory

Question 2

Who came up with the activity theory?

Answer 2

Robert Havighurst (1960s)

Question 3

What is the aim of the activity theory?

Answer 3

Individuals can achieve healthy ageing through continued social activity.

Question 4

What are the activity theory beliefs?

Answer 4

• the social and psychological needs of individuals remain the same
• people need activity and social interactions
• individuals adjust to their declining health and mobility and/or strength
• people continue to involve themselves in the community

Question 5

What are the social disengagement theory beliefs?

Answer 5

• people naturally withdraw from social contact in older age
• society withdraws from older people
• people focus on their previous life and activities
• family expects less from older people
• older people become more dependent
• ageing can result in tranquillity and be a positive development

Question 6

How can you encourage older people to continue to get satisfaction from life?

Answer 6

• involvement in new activities, such as hobbies and volunteering
• the planning of new goals
• the development of new relationships
• decision-making and choices about their own care.

Question 7

What are the four principles of social learning?

Answer 7

1) Attention
2) Retention
3) Reproduction
4) Motivation

Question 8

Who came up with the social learning theory?

Answer 8

Bandura’s theory

Question 9

Explain positive reinforcement

Answer 9

Positive reinforcement: the behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction (intrinsic reinforcement) or rewards (extrinsic reinforcement).

Question 10

Explain negative reinforcement

Answer 10

Negative reinforcement: the behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or being told off.

Question 11

Explain vicarious reinforcement

Answer 11

• Children may be motivated because they see that the person or ‘model’ they observe is getting satisfaction or positive feedback.
• Children may resist imitating the action because the model receives negative feedback from their action.

Question 12

What is the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 12

Children were shown adults being aggressive or non-aggressive towards the Bobo doll. The aggressive adults were either rewarded, reprimanded or had no consequence for their behaviour.

Question 13

What was the Bobo doll experiment suppose to show?

Answer 13

• children would copy the aggressive behaviour of another person
• the outcome for the adult impacted on the likelihood of children copying the behaviour.

Question 14

What were the results of the Bobo doll experiment?

Answer 14

• Children learned aggressive behaviour through observation.

- Children were more likely to imitate an adult who was rewarded for aggressive behaviour than one who was reprimanded

Question 15

Who came up with the maturation theory?

Answer 15

Gesell’s maturation theory