Health and social Care revision booklet info.

Question 1

what are the aspects of development

Answer 1

growth and development are changes that individuals expierance through the life stages their are four key stages of growth and development

1. physical -growth and other physical changes that happen to our body through-out life
2. intellectual/cognitive development- the development of language memory and thinking skills
3. emotional- the ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards others
4. social -the ability to form friendships and relationships and learn to be independent.

Question 2

what is growth and physiological change?

Answer 2

the term growth describes an increase in height and weight. growth continues until Early adulthood, the term Physiological change describes physical changes that place throughout the life stages.

Question 3

KET TERMS
Growth spurts?
Sexual maturity? 
Physical maturity?
Ageing process?

Answer 3

Growth sput- period of fast growth
Sexual maturity- when an individual reproductive organs are fully matured.
Physical maturity- when individual reach full height and in peak of physical fitness
Ageing process- by about 65 individuals will have lost strength and muscle tone

Question 4

changes in infancy/childhood?

Answer 4

children grow rapidly and develop many physical skills

Question 5

changes in adolescence

Answer 5

the body continues to develop there may be growth spurts body will change as they reach sexual maturity

Question 6

changes in young adults

Answer 6

the body has reached physical maturity

Question 7

changes in older adults

Answer 7

the ageing process begins in middle adulthood

Question 8

promotion of gross motor skills?

Answer 8

gross motor skills allows infants to control large muscles in the body to enable them to crawl and walk and run- hopscotch, digging, riding on toys

Question 9

gross motor skills in infants

Answer 9

infants develop their gross motor skills from the head down they gradually control muscles in their neck and their back so they can roll and sit and crawl. the muscles in their legs and feet develop so they can stand and walk, in early adulthood the large muscle movements continue to develop to help co-ordination and balance.

Question 10

how does fine motor skills allow infants and young children to control and co-ordinate their hands and fingers?

Answer 10

gripping by 1 month, by 3 months grasping a rattle- playing with a rattle, holding a small toy and feeding themselves with a spoon
manipulating- by 12 months they use small muscles in hands/fingers to build bricks, play with farm animals and them playing a musical instrument.
Hand eye co-ordination- using their eyes to guide movement with hands, playing with jigsaw, writing and sewing.

Question 11

physical development in adolescence?

Life stage between the ages of 9-18 years

Answer 11

Puberty, during adolescence young people experience a period of change called puberty this starts when the brain releases chemicals called hormones.

Question 12

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 12

primary- presented at birth, e.g. vagina, ovaries, testicles and penis. they are necessary for reproduction during puberty, hormones cause the sexual and reproductive organs to mature.
Secondary- during puberty they are caused by changes in the height and shape of the body and distinguish the two sexes, e.g. breasts for females and pubic hair/facial hair for males.
Secondary sexual characteristics are not necessary for reproduction

Question 13

female primary/ secondary characteristics

Answer 13

Primary- uterus and vagina grows, ovulation and menstrual period starts
Secondary- enlargement of breasts, growth of armpit/pubic hair, increased fat layers under skin and growth spurt.

Question 14

male primary/secondary characteristics

Answer 14

Primary- penis enlarging prostate gland produces secretion, testes enlarge and produce sperm
Secondary- growth of facial hair, growth of armpit hair/ facial hair/ pubic hair, increased muscle and strength, growth spurt, voice box (larynx) grows so voice deepens (breaks)

Question 15

physical development in adulthood

Answer 15

people reach their physical maturity by 19, during middle adulthood the aging process begins.
Early adulthood- physically mature, reached full height and strength have developed sexual characteristics and able to reproduce women are at their most fertile.
Middle adulthood- begins to slow signs of aging, such as grey hair, loss in muscle tone and strength, changes body shape may gain weight, men may loose hair and women’s menstruation ends and so does reproduction.
Later adulthood- ageing process continues with further muscle and strength loss/ stigma reduces, mobility (gross motor skills) and dexterity (fine motor skills) become more difficult may experience loss of eye sight and hearing.

Question 16

Menopause

Answer 16

The menopause is experienced by women it can begin in middle adulthood and may take several years. physiological or physical changes during menopause including the gradual ending of menstruation and shrinkage of the sexual organs symptoms include hot flushes and night sweats.

Question 17

types of intellectual development?

Answer 17

problem solving- needed to work things out and make predictions about what might happen
moral development- needed for reasoning and making choices about how to act towards self and others
Abstract thought and creative thinking- essential for thinking and discussing things that cant be absented.
Memory- essential for storing and recalling information
Language development- essential to organise and express thoughts.

Question 18

stages of intellectual development

Answer 18

1- infancy and the early years are stages of rapid intellectual development
2- intellectual development continues throughout the life stages
3-thinking skills and short term, memory may decline in later adulthood
4-older people may experience dementia which is an illness affecting the brain causing memory loss.

Question 19

Language development?

Answer 19

infancy 0-3 months- making mouth movements
6months-responds by gurgling, crys to ask for food
6-12 months- understands some words such as bye bye, makes sounds such as baba or gaga can give an object when asked
18months- uses small numbers of words 6-10 to communicate repeated word that others have said can follow instructions.
2 years- can like words together
2/1/2- years know about 200 words
Early childhood, speech is clear, uses simple sentences, begins to ask.
4years -speaks in sentences may use incorrect form of work such as “I good”
8 years- develops independent reading skills, uses complex sentences can reason and explain
9-18 years- continues to develop vocab uses language to develop abstract thinking and ideas using imagination to explore ideas.

Question 20

how to promote language development

Answer 20

infants need to, watch and listen to others, join in and action rhymes and songs, share picture books, play with puppets
Adolescence need to, read a whole range of books, take part in group projects and discus ideas
children need tom share stories and rhymes, take part in group activity, play imaginary games, play word games and riddles.

Question 21

moral development?

Answer 21

0-2 infants are egocentric
3-5 follow basic rules, take turns, share, comfort others
6-8 begin to see other points of view, understanding fair, wrong and right
adolescence understand fairness and develop their own values and own understanding of right and wrong, values may understand rules but it may break them
infants are not able to understand rules but learn from others
Children can understand rules and often are bossy
Adolescence begin to question rules as they feel they are unfair.

Question 22

emotional Development

Answer 22

Self image- how people respect and value themselves
Contentment-how happy someone is with their life
Self respect-how people value and respect others
Bonding and attachment- the emotional bond that a person forms with others for example a bond and attachment between a child and parent#
Security- the feeling of safety and being loved

Question 23

emotional development

Answer 23

Self image- a persons self image may be positive or negative. high self esteem people with high self esteem will feel confident. people with low self esteem may feel worthless. self esteem can be affected by the attitude of others, family support success at work or at school and negative and positive things others say.

Question 24

self image a person may have…

Answer 24

positive- feels happy about personal appearance and abilities, received good feedback from others about appearance or abilities, compares self favourable with others.
negative- feels unattractive or less intelligent than others, receives negative comments from others on appearance or ability, compares self negatively against, “perfect” images in magazines on TV.

Question 25

Social development?

Answer 25

social development is the way that individuals become independent and form relationships and friendships with others.

Question 26

Main ways of building relationships

Answer 26

Friendship: these involve learning to value others and developing the skills needed to make friends with individuals and with group people.
Relationships: these involve developing the skills to interact with others in formal and informal situations. they will also cover intimate relationships in adulthood.
Independence: this involves doing things by oneself and making decisions without relying on others.

Question 27

what are task and activities to promote independence?

Answer 27

infants: feeding oneself
Early Adulthood: dressing ones self
Adolescence: learning to drive
Adulthood: starting a new job

Question 28

social and emotional development?

Answer 28

social development is closely linked with emotional development. some questions will require you to identify or explain the effects of both aspects of development.

Question 29

key points with social and emotional development in infancy.

Answer 29

6months they develop strong relationships with ones parents.
12months they begin to bond with other people although they can still be very dependant on parents
18months they can play alone but they like to have a adult or a bonded member of there family close by.
2 years can become frustrated easily, and often have a temper tantrum although they may play alongside children but don’t share.
2/1/2 years jealousy towards other children can occur.
within emotional development security is essential for emotional development: infants feel secure are looked at by family and are shown love, have a routine and are kept safe from harm.

Question 30

key points with social and emotional development in Early childhood.

Answer 30

learning to cope with their own feelings and help children when they begin to build friendship with others children and adults.
With early childhood emotional development means they are able to state how they feel, understand if they are happy or sad, learning how to cope with their own feelings and develop a mental image of themselves which is know as self image, children self esteem is influenced by achievements and feedback from others .
With social development in early adulthood children start to develop independence, develop social friendships and develop[ a wider circle of friends and can share and take turns to form relationships with others such as adults that aren’t their parents.