Health and Human Rights

Question 1

Define Development

Answer 1

• change for the better
• progress sustained over the long term

Question 2

Why are economic measures bad

Answer 2

• crude averages
• mask income distribution
  e.g India + Italy have similar GDP (2.1t) but different HDI (India=0.62 , Italy = 0.88)

Question 3

Aspects of Human Development Progress

Answer 3

• Economic progress: better jobs and rising incomes
• Social progress: education, housing and health
• Cultural progress: gender and racial equality, tolerance of diversity
• Political progress: democracy, freedom of speech
• Environmental progress: falling pollution and protection of habitats

Question 4

GDP

Answer 4

• sum of market value (prices of G/S produced in economy)
• per capita is GDP divided by population
• high GDP per capita = large number of productive industries + service industry (hospitals)
• low GDP per capita = few industries + services thus poor standard of living

Question 5

Strengths of GDP

Answer 5

• good indicator of state of economy + provisions of services
• widely understood
• easy to calculate from official govt figures
• based on objective data

Question 6

Limitations of GDP

Answer 6

• hide inequalities e.g distribution of wealth
• subsistence farming not included as generates no cash
• informal economy doesn’t declare cash thus not included
• illegal activities e.g drug dealing , not included
• narrow view of development , only economical

Question 7

PPP

Answer 7

measured by finding the values in $ of a basket of goods that are present in each country

Question 8

HDI

Answer 8

• composite indicator
• used by UN
• based on GDP + GNI + Life expectancy + education
• 0 to 1(best)

Question 9

HDI strengths

Answer 9

• uses 2 types of social data and 1 economic data
• uses broad range of info
• collected by range of people = accurate
• shows how far people are benefiting from economic growth
• enables comparisions between countries

Question 10

HDI limitations

Answer 10

• no account of environment quality , democracy , security etc
• wealth (GNI/GDP) has too much importance

Question 11

Gini Coefficient

Answer 11

• shows inequality of a country
• 0 to 1 (one person has ALL income)
• shown on Lorenz Curve

Question 12

Gini Coefficient strengths

Answer 12

• easy comparision

Question 13

Gini Coefficient Limitations

Answer 13

• income of informal sector not included
• differences in income concepts can lead to differences in measures of income

Question 14

Happy Planet Index

Answer 14

• measures ecological efficiency of supporting well being
• (wellbeing x life expectancy x inequality of outcomes) / ecological footprint
• 0 to 100

Question 15

Happy Planet Index strengths

Answer 15

• combines well being + environment

Question 16

Happy Planet Index limitations

Answer 16

• 2/3 measures are highly aggregated data
• only produced every 5 years

Question 17

Happy Planet Index statistics

Answer 17

• Costa Rica = 1
• USA = 108

Question 18

Reasons why Costa Rica has a high HPI

Answer 18

• abolished army. + used funds in education / healthcare etc
• taxes collected from fossil fuels used in forests
• 99% electricity is renewable

Question 19

Reasons why USA has a low HPI

Answer 19

• large army spending
• high poverty w/ 1 in 6 living below poverty line
• large ecological footprint of 8.04 gha

Question 20

Development Cable

Answer 20

• development is more than economic BUT economic development provides power in all outer strands of development cable

Question 21

‘Economy First’ idea

Answer 21

• increased wealth leads to greater opportunity and social development will occur as a nation increases the wealth of itself and its citizens

Question 22

Differences in Beleifs

Answer 22

• developed countries use taxes to fund the welfare state
• muslim countries governed by Sharia Law , in which taxes help less fortunate ppl
• In Bolivia , taxes are raised to reduce poverty through health , education etc

Question 23

Bolivia Under Evo Morales

Answer 23

• first president from indigenous group
• took over country that has years of selling assets + high inflation + poverty etc
• uses socialist model = reducing inequality and increasing social + political development
• renationalised oil + gas industries
• taxes raised to over 80% used to fund welfare
• since he came to office , poverty dropped to 17% in 2018 + >45% social spending + 50% increase in min wage
• constructed major roads through amazon which opens up indigenous territory + illegal logging
• extreme poverty has been on the rise again since 2017
• countries development tied to exploitation of natural resources

Question 24

Sharia Law

Answer 24

• national govt + religion not separated in some muslim countries
• Sharia Law covers all aspects of human life
• split into 4 section : laws of personal acts of worship + commercial dealings + marriage and divorce + penal laws
• citizens should seek a high quality of life through other things than material items
• doesn’t easily rest with the universal declaration due to punishments used (e.g theft can lead to amputation)
• countries e.g Qatar , Sudan , Brunei

Question 25

Hans Rosling

Answer 25

• ‘Health cannot be bought at the supermarket, you have to invest in health’
• stressed the crucial role that health plays in human development , arguing that improving health , life expectancy etc = unlocking ppls economic potentias

Question 26

Nelson Mandela

Answer 26

• ‘Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world’

Question 27

Measuring Health

Answer 27

• life expectancy
• Infant Mortality rates

Question 28

Life Expectancy

Answer 28

• average number of years that a new born baby would be expected to live if the same conditions in the area of birth remain unchanged

Question 29

Infant Mortality Rates

Answer 29

The number of deaths of children
under one year of age, compared with
the total number of live births in one
year in an area. Usually expressed out
of 1,000, but sometimes given as a
percentage.

Question 30

Importance of Health

Answer 30

• healthy adults = less days of work = higher productiveness
• healthy children = less school absenses = higher attainment
• healthy society frees up money that would be used on the treatment of ill health