Health and disease - topic 5 (pg 36-49) paper 1 Flashcards

Question

immunisation

Answer 1

given a vaccine to prevent illness from a disease

Answer 2

1. contains antigens from the pathogen, in the form of dead/damaged pathogens (inactive, not harmful) 2. lymphocytes produce antibodies and memory lymphocytes against the pathogen 3. if the person becomes infected with the real pathogen, memory lymphocytes will give a rapid secondary response, person is unlikely to become ill.

Answer 3

medicine used to treat bacterial infections. they kill bacteria, specific bacteria are killed by a specific antibiotic. Prevent a lot of deaths, Penicillin is an example. You must finish antibiotics so the antigen doesn't have time to multiply more

Answer 4

Some bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, the antibiotic is no longer effective. People often stop taking antibiotics too early, this leaves more resistant bacteria alive, which can reproduce and spread. Bacterial resistance is evidence for evolution.

Answer 5

treat causes or signs of illness, must be extensively tested before it can be prescribed

Answer 6

``` Discovery - by screening organisms to see if they produce antibiotics that kill bacteria. Preclinical testing (lab) - antibiotics are tested in the lab to make sure the medicine doesn't damage cells but damages pathogens inside. Clinical trials 1 - small dose is given to a healthy volunteer to check the drug is not toxic Clinical trials 2 - tested on patient diagnosed with illness the drug is designed for. to test whether it works and find the optimum dose ```

Answer 7

genes - different alleles may me more prone to mutation or how well nutrients are absorbed age - older the body, more likely cells may develop mutation which lead to cancer sex - female hormone oestrogen has protective effects men do not get environmental - air pollution can cause lung disease, poisons in food and drink damage the body Lifestyle factors - the way we live, inc. diet, alcohol, smoking and exercise

Answer 8

cancer cardiovascular (heart) disease lung and liver diseases dietary diseases

Answer 9

Ethanol is poisonous to cells, when absorbed from the gut it passes first to the liver to be broken down. So liver cells are more likely than other cells to be damaged causing liver diseases

Answer 10

- nicotine is addictive - carbon monoxide reduces oxygen levels in the blood - chemicals in tar are carcinogens that cause cancer, particularly of the mouth and lungs - substances in cigarettes cause blood vessels to narrow, increasing blood pressure. Can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as a heart attack or stroke

Answer 11

doctors advise the patient to: - give up smoking - more exercise - eat healthier diet Pros - no side effects, reduce chance of other health conditions, cheapest option Cons - may take time to work or may not work effectively

Answer 12

if lifestyle changes do not work doctors may prescribe medication such as beta-blockers to reduce blood pressure Pros - work immediately, easy to do, cheaper and less risky than surgery Cons - long term and can have side effects, may not work well if taking other medication

Answer 13

- if an artery becomes narrowed, drop in blood flow damages tissue, a wire frame called a stent is inserted into the narrow part of the artery - Heart Bypass surgery - new blood vessel is inserted to bypass blocked coronary arteries - if blood supply to the heart is restricted, not enough blood to the heart muscles for respiration, cells die and person has heart attack Pros - usually long term Cons - risk of not recovering after surgery, expensive, more difficult than medication, risk of developing an infection after surgery

Health and disease - topic 5 (pg 36-49) paper 1 Flashcards

(37 cards)