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Year 1 Uni > Health And Disease > Flashcards

Health And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

What is disease

A

Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury

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3
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Regulation of the body’s internal environment to an approximately constant state

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4
Q

Examples in human body of homeostasis

A

Temperature
pH
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Blood sugar
Ion balance

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5
Q

Why is homeostasis important

A

• biochemical reactions take place at optimum temperature and pH
• mass conservation

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6
Q

Classifications of disease

A

Temporal
Aetiology
Anatomical
Morphological/structural

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7
Q

Temporal classification of disease

A

Acute or chronic

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8
Q

Aetiology classification of disease

A

Cause
Eg infectious, autoimmune, genetic

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9
Q

Anatomical classification of disease

A

Cardiovascular, neurological etc

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10
Q

Morphological classification of disease

A

Eg tumour, cyst, Electron Transport Chain

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11
Q

What is pathophysiology

A

Study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs during disease

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12
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs

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13
Q

Link between pathophysiology and pharmacology

A

Drugs are designed to counteract the underlying physiological disruptions involved in disease

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14
Q

Whats the importance of pharmacology in disease management

A

Important in the discovery of new, safer medicines to treat disease

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15
Q

How does understanding health and disease improve patient care

A

Pharmacists can:
Promote use of healthcare services
Improve medication adherence
Highlight lifestyle choices
Provide more effective communication

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16
Q

What is public health

A

All organised matters to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole

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17
Q

What do most people in the uk die from?

A

Cardiovascular disease and cancer

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18
Q

What is the leading cause of death for ages 20-34

A

Self harm

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19
Q

What diseases is most commonly lived with in the uk

A

Mental health illnesses
Musculoskeletal disorders
Chronic respiratory disease
Dementia
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease

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20
Q

What is multi-morbidity

A

Living with more than 1 long term health condition

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21
Q

How to prevent clusters of disease

A

Dealing with common risk factors

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22
Q

What are the three domains of public health

A

Health promotion
Health protection
Health care public health

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23
Q

What does health promotion entail

A

Enabling people to improve their health

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24
Q

What does health protection entail

A

Preventing harms such as infectious disease

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25
Q

What does health care public health entail

A

Improve the quality of health services

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26
Q

Pharmacists involvement in health promotion

A

Promote healthy lifestyles

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27
Q

Pharmacists involvement in health protection

A

Medication review and de prescribing
Prevention and control of I.D
Drug and alcohol services
Occupational health

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28
Q

Pharmacists involvement in healthcare public health

A

Evidence-based practice

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29
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Singe celled organism which lack membranous structures

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30
Q

What are eukaryotes

A

Single or multicellular organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound structures

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31
Q

What classification of cells do humans have

A

Eukaryotic

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32
Q

What does cytoplasm contain

A

• Contains cell organelles and cytosol
• Fluid in everything in the cell except for the nucleus

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33
Q

What is the cytosol

A

• Fluid surrounding the organelles
• largest intracellular fluid compartment

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34
Q

What is the central dogma

A

the idea that information flows in one direction in cells, from DNA to RNA to protein

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35
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Storage and transmission of genetic information to the next generation of cells

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36
Q

How many chromosomes humans have

A

46

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37
Q

What is chromatin

A

Fine network of threads of DNA

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38
Q

What happens to chromatin during cell division

A

Becomes tightly condensed to form chromosomes

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39
Q

What is the nuclear envelope composed of

A

2 membranes and nuclear pores at regular intervals

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40
Q

What moves through the nuclear pores?

A

• RNA
• some proteins which modulate the expression of various genes in DNA move into the nucleus

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41
Q

Structure of rough ER

A

• ribosomes bound to its cytosolic surface
• flattened-sac appearance

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42
Q

Role of rough ER

A

Involved in packaging proteins to send to Golgi apparatus

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43
Q

Structure of smooth ER

A

• no ribosomal particles on its surface
• branched, tubular structure

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44
Q

Role of smooth ER

A

• site of lipid molecule synthesis
• detoxification of certain hydrophobic molecules such as foreign materials eg drugs, environmental pollutants
• releases Ca2+

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45
Q

Role of ribosomes

A

Site of translation

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46
Q

Site of ribosomes

A

• free in cytoplasm
• attached to the rough ER

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47
Q

Structure of Golgi apparatus

A

Series of closely apposed, flattened membranous sacs

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48
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts modified proteins into discrete classes of transport vesicles

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49
Q

General structure of mitochondria

A

Spherical, elongated, rodlike structure

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50
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis by cellular respiration

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51
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

Spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane
The fluid within is acidic and contains digestive enzymes

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52
Q

Functions of lysosomes

A

• breakdown bacteria and debris from dead cells that have been engulfed by a cell
• breakdown damaged organelles

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53
Q

What kind of cells are lysosomes important in

A

Cells which make up the defence systems of the body

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54
Q

Structure of peroxisomes

A

Moderately dense oval bodies which are enclosed by a single membrane

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55
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

• consume molecular oxygen and performs reactions that remove hydrogen from organic molecules including lipids, alcohols and toxic ingested materials
• detoxify hydrogen peroxide produced by this reaction

56
Q

Is cytoskeleton an organelle

A

No
It is a filamentous network contained in the cytoplasm

57
Q

What kind of processes is the cytoskeleton associated with

A

Maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movement

58
Q

Actin filament diameter

A

7nm

59
Q

Actin filament formation

A

G-actin assembles into a polymer of 2 twisting chains to form F-actin which makes up a major portion of the cytoskeleton in all cells

60
Q

Role of actin filament

A

Cell shape, amoeboid-like movement, cell division and muscle cell contraction

61
Q

Diameter of intermediate filament

A

10 nm

62
Q

Structure of intermediate filament

A

Twisted strands of several different proteins including keratin, desmin, lumin

63
Q

Role of intermediate filament

A

Cell shape, anchoring the nucleus, providing strength to cells

64
Q

Diameter of microtubule

A

25 nm

65
Q

Structure of microtubule

A

Hollow tubules

66
Q

Most rigid type of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubule

67
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Present in long processes of neurones, important during cell division

68
Q

Are cilia organelles

A

No
Hairlike extensions on surfaces of most cells

69
Q

Function of motile cilia

A

Help propel contents of organ along surface of epithelium

70
Q

Function of nonmotile cilia

A

Important in sensory structures

71
Q

What are flagella

A

Lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body
Full of mitochondria

72
Q

Example of human cells with a flagella

A

Spermatozoa

73
Q

Roughly how much blood does the average human have

A

5 Litres

74
Q

What is plasma

A

Blood without cell components

75
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors and fibrinogen

76
Q

What is osmolality definition

A

Concentration of al chemical particles found in the fluid part of blood

77
Q

What is the osmolality of blood

A

285-295 mOsm

78
Q

What is the pH range of blood

A

7.35-7.45

79
Q

What is blood used to do

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

80
Q

What does blood transport

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Excretory products

81
Q

How does blood help with regulation

A

• delivers hormones to target sites
• diverts blood in homeostasis
• regulates temperature

82
Q

How is blood involved in protection

A

• role of leukocytes in infection
• clotting mechanism to prevent blood loss

83
Q

What allows for a rapid assessment of blood composition

A

Hematocrit

84
Q

Where are blood cells generated

A

Bone marrow

85
Q

What kind of stem cells are blood cells derived from

A

Hematopoietic

86
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells capable of producing the precursors of different blood cells

87
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Platelets

88
Q

How are platelets formed

A

Bone marrow then myeloid progenitor cell then megakaryocytic cell undergoes fragmentation to platelets

89
Q

Shape of platelet

A

Discoid fragment

90
Q

What is thrombopoietin

A

Hormone mainly produced by liver that stimulates platelet production

91
Q

How does thrombopoietin regulate platelet production in the blood

A

Binds to platelets in the circulation
• normal platelet count - TPO level is low
• low platelet count - TPO level is high therefore platelet production is stimulated

92
Q

How are platelets involved in hemostasis

A

• formation of platelet plug
• blood coagulation

93
Q

What is hemostasis

A

Initial response is vasoconstriction and the sticking together of the opposed endothelial surfaces and is then followed by the formation of platelet plug and blood clotting

94
Q

What does a platelet plug do

A

Completely seal small areas of damage to blood vessels

95
Q

Main steps of platelet plug formation

A
  1. Platelet adhesion
  2. Platelet activation
  3. Platelet aggregation
96
Q

What happens during platelet adhesion

A

• platelets adhere to collagen fibres which are exposed due to damage of endothelial cell layer which exposes the sub-endothelial layer and connective tissue collagen fibres
• adhere via von Willebrand factor

97
Q

What are von Willebrand factor proteins?

A

Plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets which bind to exposed collagen molecules, changes its conformation, and becomes able to bind platelets

98
Q

What triggers platelet activation?

A

vWF forms a bridge between damaged blood vessels and circulatory platelets

99
Q

What does platelet activation lead to

A

• shape change
• activation of fibrinogen receptor
• release of electron dense granules such as ADP and serotonin

100
Q

What is a fibrinogen receptor

A

Adhesive receptor which bridges 2 platelets together using fibrinogen proteins which circulate in the blood

101
Q

What do electron dense granules do during platelet activation

A

Act locally to induce multiple changes in the metabolism, shape and surface proteins of platelets

102
Q

What happens during platelet aggregation

A

• positive feedback loop between new platelets adhering to new ones which rapidly induces them to synthesise thromboxane A2 which acts locally to further stimulate platelet aggregation and release of secretory vesicle content
• fibrinogen forms bridges between activated platelets by binding to the activated fibrinogen receptor which forms the platelet plug
• activated platelets release chemical mediators which triggers vasoconstriction

103
Q

What is blood coagulation

A

Transformation of blood into a solid gel called a clot/thrombus

104
Q

What does a clot/thrombus mainly consist of

A

A protein polymer called fibrin

105
Q

Where does blood coagulation occur

A

Locally around the platelet plug

106
Q

What is the dominant hemastatic defenve

A

Blood coagulation

107
Q

Function of blood coagulation

A

• Support and reinforce the platelet plug
• solidify blood that remains in the wound channel

108
Q

What do erythrocytes
• transport
• contain
• shape (why)

A

• oxygen and carbon dioxide
• haemoglobin
• biconcave (high surface area to volume ratio)

109
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of erythrocytes

110
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur

A

Bone marrow

111
Q

What hormone controls erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

112
Q

Erythropoietin
• produced by
• controlled by

A

• kidney
• oxygen delivery to the kidney

113
Q

What will trigger erythropoietin production, examples

A

Decreased oxygen levels
Due to high altitude, lung disease, insufficient pumping of the heart, anaemia

114
Q

What are granulocytes

A

Densely stained granules in the cytoplasm which help the body fight bacterial infections

115
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

Phagocytic cells which are an important component of innate immunity

116
Q

What is eosinophils

A

Type of granulocyte which is important in the defence to parasitic infections

117
Q

What are basophil cells

A

Circulating immune cells which contain histamine, pathogenesis of allergic reactions, inflammation

118
Q

3 kinds of granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

119
Q

Monocytes
• what
• nucleus shape
• differentiate into

A

• largest blood cells which contain fine granules
• irregular, lobed nucleus
• differentiate into macrophages

120
Q

Macrophages
• involved in what kind of immunity
• what do they do

A

• innate immunity
• involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and present antigens to T cells and trigger inflammation by releasing cytokines

121
Q

Two kinds of lymphocytes

A

T and B

122
Q

What are B and plasma cells involved in

A

Antibody production

123
Q

What are T helper cells involved in

A

Regulate antibody production, regulate and mediate immune response

124
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Lyse target cells

125
Q

What are monosaccharides in terms of organic chemistry

A

Hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones

126
Q

Which monosaccharides are most important

A

5 and 6-carbon

127
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

Linking monosaccharides together with a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction

128
Q

What kind of molecule is glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide

129
Q

Is glycogen branched

A

Highly
Branch at alpha-1,6-bonds

130
Q

Major monosaccharide found in the blood

A

Glucose

131
Q

What does glycogen act as a resevoir of?

A

Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds within individual glucose monomers

132
Q

Use of sugar in cells

A

Used as an extracellular matrix
Used for glycosylation

133
Q

What does sugar do as an extracellular matrix

A

• acts as a scaffold for cell attachment
• transmits information to cells growing, differentiating and migrating

134
Q

What happens during glycolysation

A

Addition of sugar to other biological molecules to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

135
Q

Main roles of lipids

A

• major component of the cell membranes
• valuable source of energy
• important signalling molecules

136
Q

4 types of lipids

A

• steroids
• fatty acids
• triglycerides
• phospholipids

Year 1 Uni (4 decks)

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