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University > Health and community antimicrobial and emerging diseases > Flashcards

Health and community antimicrobial and emerging diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Causes for emerging infections

A
  • Increased susceptibility
  • Climate change and altered vector EIP
  • Reemergence or better detection
  • Changing modes of travel
  • Urbanisation
  • Resistance to biocides and antibiotics
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2
Q

Give examples of emerging infectious diseases

A

Shiga toxin producing E.coli
Cholera
Shigella spp.

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3
Q

Environmental causes of emerging diseases

A
  • Dams: creates a large breeding site due to freestanding water
  • Irrigation systems: crops bring people and sustain more people (increased s) and water is a breeding ground
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4
Q

How does urbanisation effect infectious diseases

A
  • Increase population density (increase s)
  • Changes in human contact patterns (increases S)
  • Changes in vector breeding sites (increases S)
  • Sanitation and access to clean water (reduces S)
  • Access to health services (reduces S; increases R)
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5
Q

How does urbanisation affect transmission of certain disease

A
  1. Decreases oral faecal, cholera (better health care and sanitation)
  2. Increases respiratory, measles (Increased pop. high s, short cycles)
  3. Increases sexual transmission, HIV (More young males, change in sexual activity)
  4. Decreases blood borne, Malaria (Lower EIR, pollution and education and prevention approaches)
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6
Q

Cholera

A

-Gram negative, comma shaped rod
-Transmission: contaminated water (and food)
-Diarrhoea, cholera toxin causes Cl- ions to be excreted from cells of the intestine and reduces the re-absorption of NaCl
Osmotic pressure draws water into the lumen of the gut which manifests as watery diarrhoea
-There is a vaccine, treated by hydration therapy

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7
Q

Shigga toxin E.coli

A
  • Gram negative, rod shaped
  • Enterohemorrhagic or enterotoxigenic
  • Causes bloody diarrhoea, vommiting, destroys red blood cells blocking kidneys
  • Transmitted by contaminated water (and food)
  • Hydration therapy
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8
Q

Antibiotic

A

A low molecular substance produced by a microorganism that at low conc. inhibits or kills other microorganisms

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9
Q

Antimcrobial

A

Natural, semi synthetic or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism but causes little damage to the host

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10
Q

Different types of antimicrobial

A
  • Plant based (essential oils)
  • Metal based (silver, inhibits respiration and proteins)
  • Nanotechnology
  • Animal (L amino acid oxidases causing cell death)
  • Microbe (Nissin)
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11
Q

How do antibiotics kill microorganisms

A
  • Inhibition of DNA synthesis
  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
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12
Q

Inhibition of DNA synthesis quinolones

A
  • Binds to topoisomerases required for DNA unwinding

- Converts gyrases and topoisomerases IV into toxic enzyme that fragment the bacterial chromosome

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13
Q

3 methods for quinolone resistance

A
  1. Target mediated resistance: Mutations weaken quinolone enzyme interactions
  2. Plasmid mediated resistance: Decreases topoisomerase DNA binding and the amount of quinolones that can bind.
  3. Chromosome mediated resistance: Downregulate porins, upregulate efflux pumps
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14
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Beta lactams

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins on maturing peptidoglycan strands and decrease synthesis while increasing autolysins leading to lysis and cell death

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15
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A

30s inhibitors and 50s inhibitors

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16
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Binds to the 30s subunit and causes proteins to misfold. Misfolded membrane proteins take up drugs more readily.
Also Leads to a redox response arc which alters metabolism and membrane potential, forming lethal hydroxyl radicals

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17
Q

Gram positive targeting bacteriocins

A

Class 1:
-Inhibits lipid II on the cell membrane, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis resulting in pore formation

Class 2:
-Binds to pore forming receptors and a pore is formed

18
Q

Gram negative targeting bacteriocins

A
  • Inhibition of DNA gyrase
  • Inhibition of RNA ploymerase
  • Inhibition of Asp-tRNA
19
Q

Biofilms

A

Assemblage of bacterial cells associated with a surface and enclosed in an extracellular matrix. Becomes tolerant to antibiotics.

20
Q

Multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

A
  • Destructive changes to human lungs, inflammation, haemorrhage that can produce a thick bloody sputum
  • Rapid spread in south east europe in italy, slovenia and greece
  • High in Greece as you dont need to be subscribed the antibiotic
21
Q

Antibiotic resistance driven by humans

A 
Farming practices 
Horicultural practices 
Veterinary practices 
Healthcare practices 
Irresponsible dumping
22
Q

Typing methods

A
  • Biotyping: growth profiles and metabolic activity
  • Serotyping: antibody strain discrimination
  • Antityping: antibiotic resistance strain discrimination
  • Phage typing: bactiophage resistance strain
23
Q

How was Psuedomonas aeruginosan typed and what where the results

A 
Biotyped:
Gram negative 
Bacilli
Lactose -
oxidase +

DNA gel electrophoresis

24
Q

What is pulse field gel electrophoresis

A

Has an alternating voltage gradient, switches 3 directions. Seperates larger molecules of DNA

25
Q

What is multilocus sequence typing

A
  1. Amplify 7 house keeping genes with PCR
  2. Sequence genes
  3. Assign different sequences an allele number to give a profile
  4. Compare to a database
26
Q

What is high throughput sequencing

A

Sequence 16s rDNA and comparing it

27
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance

A

Carbepenam and quinolone resistance

28
Q

Mechanisms of carbepenams resistance

A

Downregulation of porins
Acquisition of Carbapenamases
Upregulation of of efflux pumps

29
Q

Staphylococcus aureus characteristics

A

Gram positive
cocci
catalase +
coagulase +

30
Q

MRSA: Multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

Deaths were rising till 2006, the started to drop due to improved screening, infection control, vancomycin

Reservoirs:

  • Healthcare
  • livestock
  • Community associated
  • Fomite

Resistant to ethanol hand washes
Resistant to drug efflux pumps

31
Q

Methicillin

A

Cant be broken down by beta lactamases as they have an actyl side chain, so beta rings cant be cleaved, unlike penicillin.

32
Q

Causes of low level resistance to methicillin

A

Hyperproduction of beta lactamases

Modification to penicillin binding proteins

33
Q

Causes of high level resistance to methicillin

A

Mutations to the active site reducing affinity, so cell wall cross linking continues

34
Q

What did richard doll discover

A

That smoking has a strong association with lung cancer.

  • Men more likely as they smoke more
  • Lung cancer in countries where smoking started earlier
  • Absence in lung cancer in countries where they started smoking later
  • Smoking cause premature death and cardiovascular disease
35
Q

Retrospective study

A

looking at existing data to determine test your hypothesis

  • Bias
  • Not all the data you need
36
Q

Prospective study

A

Doing the study and collecting the data

37
Q

Prostate cancer 0% avoidable

A

Prostate specific antigen:

  • levels rise with age
  • High levels associate with cancer
  • However can still get cancer at low levels
  • May be slow growing and not affect your life but you have unnecessary treatment

risk factor is age

38
Q

Testicular cancer

A 
Peaks 20s and 30s due to pubertal hormones 
risk factors:
age 
ethnicity 
previous testicular cancer 
HIV 
family history

survival factors:
excess weight
late puberty

39
Q

Why are cervical cancer 100% avoidable

A

Sex related
caused by human papillomavirus
there is a vaccine

40
Q

Non communicable disease

A

Cannot be transmitted from person to person e.g. diabetes

41
Q

Diabetes

A 
Linked to cardiovascular disease, sight loss, dementia and kidney disease 
risk factors: 
obsesity 
deprivation 
age 
genetics 
race

University (10 decks)

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