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AS Geography (mine) > Health > Flashcards

Health Flashcards

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0
Q

Define case mortality rate

A

The number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of those diagnosed with the disease

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1
Q

Define infant mortality

A

The number of deaths occurring in children under the age of one

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2
Q

Define morbidity rate

A

The prevalence rate number of people in a given population who suffer from a particular condition at any one time

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3
Q

What is the incidence rate?

A

How many in a population develop a particular condition in a given period of time

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4
Q

What is DALY?

A

Disability adjusted life years

- the number of healthy years of life lost

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5
Q

Where is malaria distributed?

A

South America
Africa
Southern Asia

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6
Q

How many people have malaria?

A

Western coast of Africa - 25,000+

North Africa - 0-9 per 1000 people

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7
Q

What are the Causes of obesity?

A
  • busier lifestyles
  • fast food chains developing
  • gyms are expensive
  • addicted to unhealthy foods
  • genetics
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8
Q

What are the impacts obesity has on lifestyle?

A
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • strokes
  • cardiovascular disease
  • Dementia
  • trapped in their house
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9
Q

What impact does obesity have on the economy?

A
  • unable to work
  • unable to pay taxes
  • slower country development
  • money invested into health care
  • can’t build infrastructures
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10
Q

What is the distribution of obesity?

A
  • America has equal to 30% prevalence of obesity

- countries like Greenland have the lowest rate of obesity with fewer than 10%

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11
Q

What is HIV?

A
  • an infectious disease (communicable)

- sexually transmitted virus that attacks the body’s immune system

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12
Q

How does HIV spread?

A
  • contaminated needles in drug use
  • contaminated blood transfusions
  • mother to child during pregnancy
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13
Q

What are the impacts of HIV?

A
  • unable to work- can’t farm
  • decline in school enrolment
  • brings life expectancy down from 74-28 years in Botswana
  • cause other illnesses such as pneumonia
  • 16% of households cut back on electricity
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14
Q

What is CHD?

A
  • coronary heard disease
  • non-communicable disease
  • 65,000 died from it in 2010
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15
Q

How does atheroma build up? (CHD)

A
  • blood within the artery
  • atheroma (fatty deposits) build up
  • fat deposits develop, restricting the blood flow through the artery
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16
Q

What health impacts does CHD have?

A
  • breathless
  • lacking energy
  • short life expectancy
  • unable to work
  • reliant on transport
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17
Q

What economic impacts does CHD have?

A
  • if 10% of adults in America started walking it would save the economy $5.6 billion
  • in 2007 cost the USA $111.8 billion
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18
Q

Define obesity

A

Is abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health
- when BMI is 30 or over to show your obese

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19
Q

What are the top 5 overweight countries?

A
  1. America
  2. China
  3. India
  4. Russia
  5. Brazil
20
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A
  • cars cheaper
  • technology
  • drinking increasing
  • smoking increasing
21
Q

What are the consequences of obesity?

A
  • cardio vascular disease (kills 17 million a year)
  • diabetes
  • some cancers
  • musculoskeletal disorders
22
Q

What country is tackling obesity?

A

India

  • intervention programme by the Diabetes Foundation of India to teach students healthy diets and lifestyles
  • over 50,000 kids in schools in New Delhi are being educated
23
Q

Define malnutrition

A

You have an inadequate amount of nutrients

24
Q

What country has the greatest amount of hunger?

A

Asia and pacific - 578 million

25
Q

What is the worlds number one health risk?

A

Hunger

26
Q

How is hunger identified?

A
  • weight and height indicator
  • mid-upper arm circumference
  • presence of edema (bloated in feet and face)
27
Q

Examples of severe acute malnutrition

A
  • kwashiorkor

- marasmus (severe wasting)

28
Q

Who is at risk of hunger (in Britain)?

A
  • elderly people
  • individuals who are socially isolated
  • low income
  • chronic eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia)
29
Q

What are the causes of hunger?

A
  • food shortages
  • food prices and distribution (famine)
  • lack of breast feeding
  • 80% of malnourished children live in developing nations that produce food surplus
30
Q

What scheme is help to solve malnutrition?

A

USAID in Malawi

  • works with local organisations to decentralise local health fatalities in surrounding districts (60 were placed)
  • staff updated training
  • parents educated how to treat it with plumpy nu
31
Q

Define famine

A

Can only be declared when measures of mortality, malnutrition and hunger are met

32
Q

What are the causes of famine?

A
  • drought
  • war - it disrupts trade
  • overpopulation
  • natural disaster
  • crop diseases
  • urbanisation - not enough land for crops
33
Q

Where is famine?

A
  • Ethiopia
  • Sudan
  • Somalia
  • North Korea
34
Q

Case study: famine

A
  • Somalia had a 2 year drought
  • food prices are 240% higher now
  • 90% of animals have died
  • west not helping
  • lack of good governance
35
Q

What are the consequences to famine?

A
  • selling family assets
  • stealing from others
  • giving up children, sick, elderly
  • going into prostitution
  • moving to urban areas or refugee camps
36
Q

What is a solution to famine?

A
  • Wadla, Ethiopia in easy Africa
  • suffered from unfair trade, conflict
  • has a lack of infrastructure (13.5m of road and no transport) - built more (employment)
  • Action Aid worked with local organisation ORDA to reduce famine
  • trained 514 farmers in new vegetable
37
Q

What are the health care approaches in France?

A
  • funded by government
  • in 2004, 80% of French were covered by main state regulated insurer
  • everyone pays 0.75% health insurance of their earnings
  • employer contributes 12.8%
  • don’t need a referral to access hospitals
38
Q

What is the health care approach in china?

A
  • health insurance of 50 yuan per person
  • 20 yuan paid by central government
  • 10 yuan made by patient
  • 20 yuan paid by provincial government
  • 80% rural people signed up by 2007
39
Q

Top 5 corporations for tobacco

A
  1. China national tobacco co.
  2. Philip Morris international inc
  3. Japan tobacco international
  4. British American tobacco
  5. Imperial tobacco group
40
Q

How many people does tobacco kill?

A

5.4 million a year globally

41
Q

What is the production of tobacco?

A
  • primary school not compulsory - no school and work instead
  • hard to grow food as soil infertile
  • half Malawis child labours are under 9
  • tobacco is 65% of Malawi income
  • paid equivalent to £18 a year (80p per family a day)
42
Q

What is the distribution of tobacco?

A
  • in Mauritius
  • brand - matinée
  • advertise by painting shops sold in same colour as packet
  • 90% smoke before 18 years old
  • can buy single cigarettes (7p each)
  • aren’t educated about smoking
43
Q

What are some pharmaceutical transnational corporations?

A
  • GSK (glaxosmithkline)
  • abbot
  • Johnson and Johnson
  • Lilly
44
Q

What are branded drugs?

A
  • more expensive to buy
  • have short and easy to remember names
  • 3-30 times more expensive
45
Q

What is GSK?

A
  • glaxosmithkline

- in 2014 the company applied for regular approval for first vaccine against malaria

46
Q

What issues surround TNC’S?

A
  • more 12,000 people work in pharmaceutical vaccines and consumer healthcare research and development organisations
47
Q

Where are health problems in the UK?

A
  • Carlton and Glasgow - life expectancy 54
  • 52% smoke
  • 37% live in workless household
  • 30% in NE binge drink
  • Kensington and Chelsea are the healthiest eaters

AS Geography (mine) (4 decks)

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