Health Flashcards
Define case mortality rate
The number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of those diagnosed with the disease
Define infant mortality
The number of deaths occurring in children under the age of one
Define morbidity rate
The prevalence rate number of people in a given population who suffer from a particular condition at any one time
What is the incidence rate?
How many in a population develop a particular condition in a given period of time
What is DALY?
Disability adjusted life years
- the number of healthy years of life lost
Where is malaria distributed?
South America
Africa
Southern Asia
How many people have malaria?
Western coast of Africa - 25,000+
North Africa - 0-9 per 1000 people
What are the Causes of obesity?
- busier lifestyles
- fast food chains developing
- gyms are expensive
- addicted to unhealthy foods
- genetics
What are the impacts obesity has on lifestyle?
- diabetes
- cancer
- strokes
- cardiovascular disease
- Dementia
- trapped in their house
What impact does obesity have on the economy?
- unable to work
- unable to pay taxes
- slower country development
- money invested into health care
- can’t build infrastructures
What is the distribution of obesity?
- America has equal to 30% prevalence of obesity
- countries like Greenland have the lowest rate of obesity with fewer than 10%
What is HIV?
- an infectious disease (communicable)
- sexually transmitted virus that attacks the body’s immune system
How does HIV spread?
- contaminated needles in drug use
- contaminated blood transfusions
- mother to child during pregnancy
What are the impacts of HIV?
- unable to work- can’t farm
- decline in school enrolment
- brings life expectancy down from 74-28 years in Botswana
- cause other illnesses such as pneumonia
- 16% of households cut back on electricity
What is CHD?
- coronary heard disease
- non-communicable disease
- 65,000 died from it in 2010
How does atheroma build up? (CHD)
- blood within the artery
- atheroma (fatty deposits) build up
- fat deposits develop, restricting the blood flow through the artery
What health impacts does CHD have?
- breathless
- lacking energy
- short life expectancy
- unable to work
- reliant on transport
What economic impacts does CHD have?
- if 10% of adults in America started walking it would save the economy $5.6 billion
- in 2007 cost the USA $111.8 billion
Define obesity
Is abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health
- when BMI is 30 or over to show your obese
What are the top 5 overweight countries?
- America
- China
- India
- Russia
- Brazil
What are the causes of obesity?
- cars cheaper
- technology
- drinking increasing
- smoking increasing
What are the consequences of obesity?
- cardio vascular disease (kills 17 million a year)
- diabetes
- some cancers
- musculoskeletal disorders
What country is tackling obesity?
India
- intervention programme by the Diabetes Foundation of India to teach students healthy diets and lifestyles
- over 50,000 kids in schools in New Delhi are being educated
Define malnutrition
You have an inadequate amount of nutrients
What country has the greatest amount of hunger?
Asia and pacific - 578 million
What is the worlds number one health risk?
Hunger
How is hunger identified?
- weight and height indicator
- mid-upper arm circumference
- presence of edema (bloated in feet and face)
Examples of severe acute malnutrition
- kwashiorkor
- marasmus (severe wasting)
Who is at risk of hunger (in Britain)?
- elderly people
- individuals who are socially isolated
- low income
- chronic eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia)
What are the causes of hunger?
- food shortages
- food prices and distribution (famine)
- lack of breast feeding
- 80% of malnourished children live in developing nations that produce food surplus
What scheme is help to solve malnutrition?
USAID in Malawi
- works with local organisations to decentralise local health fatalities in surrounding districts (60 were placed)
- staff updated training
- parents educated how to treat it with plumpy nu
Define famine
Can only be declared when measures of mortality, malnutrition and hunger are met
What are the causes of famine?
- drought
- war - it disrupts trade
- overpopulation
- natural disaster
- crop diseases
- urbanisation - not enough land for crops
Where is famine?
- Ethiopia
- Sudan
- Somalia
- North Korea
Case study: famine
- Somalia had a 2 year drought
- food prices are 240% higher now
- 90% of animals have died
- west not helping
- lack of good governance
What are the consequences to famine?
- selling family assets
- stealing from others
- giving up children, sick, elderly
- going into prostitution
- moving to urban areas or refugee camps
What is a solution to famine?
- Wadla, Ethiopia in easy Africa
- suffered from unfair trade, conflict
- has a lack of infrastructure (13.5m of road and no transport) - built more (employment)
- Action Aid worked with local organisation ORDA to reduce famine
- trained 514 farmers in new vegetable
What are the health care approaches in France?
- funded by government
- in 2004, 80% of French were covered by main state regulated insurer
- everyone pays 0.75% health insurance of their earnings
- employer contributes 12.8%
- don’t need a referral to access hospitals
What is the health care approach in china?
- health insurance of 50 yuan per person
- 20 yuan paid by central government
- 10 yuan made by patient
- 20 yuan paid by provincial government
- 80% rural people signed up by 2007
Top 5 corporations for tobacco
- China national tobacco co.
- Philip Morris international inc
- Japan tobacco international
- British American tobacco
- Imperial tobacco group
How many people does tobacco kill?
5.4 million a year globally
What is the production of tobacco?
- primary school not compulsory - no school and work instead
- hard to grow food as soil infertile
- half Malawis child labours are under 9
- tobacco is 65% of Malawi income
- paid equivalent to £18 a year (80p per family a day)
What is the distribution of tobacco?
- in Mauritius
- brand - matinée
- advertise by painting shops sold in same colour as packet
- 90% smoke before 18 years old
- can buy single cigarettes (7p each)
- aren’t educated about smoking
What are some pharmaceutical transnational corporations?
- GSK (glaxosmithkline)
- abbot
- Johnson and Johnson
- Lilly
What are branded drugs?
- more expensive to buy
- have short and easy to remember names
- 3-30 times more expensive
What is GSK?
- glaxosmithkline
- in 2014 the company applied for regular approval for first vaccine against malaria
What issues surround TNC’S?
- more 12,000 people work in pharmaceutical vaccines and consumer healthcare research and development organisations
Where are health problems in the UK?
- Carlton and Glasgow - life expectancy 54
- 52% smoke
- 37% live in workless household
- 30% in NE binge drink
- Kensington and Chelsea are the healthiest eaters
