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Public Health > Health > Flashcards

Health Flashcards

1
Q

WHO definition of health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being
-not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
-positive concept emphasising social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities

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2
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

Physical and biological factors of disease- can be repaired
Only health professionals practice it
Mind/body dualism (suggests that they can be treated separately)
Knowledge is objective -neutral and distinct from social factors

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3
Q

Biomedical model of health focus

A

Diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease- solutions found in technologies

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4
Q

Social model of health

A

Gives thought to a wide range of factors
Wide range of people can practice it
Challenges mind/body dualism
Knowledge is not objective - we are taught how to see the body

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5
Q

Social model of health focus

A

Prevention

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6
Q

Health as an ideal state

A

Goal of perfect well being
Disease, illness and forms of handicap, along with social problems must be absent in order for health to be present

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7
Q

Problems with theory that health is an ideal state

A

Is anyone ever healthy
What is complete well-being
Can we ever attain this ideal state
Misleading

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8
Q

Health as a state of social functioning

A

Health is a means towards social functioning
All forms of disease and social handicap need to be removed
Can still be healthy (function socially) even when suffering with a chronic illness/disease

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9
Q

Problems with theory that health as a state of social functioning

A

Very narrow definition seeing health as the opposite of disease
Patients normal state may be unhealthy
Refusal of treatment might be seen as healthy

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10
Q

Health as a personal strength or ability

A

Approaches are typically humanist- focus in how people respond to challenges
Health is a means to a greater end- responding positively to problems
Attempts to recover holistic ideas about health

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11
Q

Problems with theory that health is a personal strength or ability

A

Vague
How can we intervene

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12
Q

Illness definition

A

The social, lived experience of symptoms and suffering

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13
Q

Disease definition

A

Technical malfunction or deviation from the normal which is scientifically diagnosed

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14
Q

Theories of illness/disease: Culver and gert

A

Aggregate of condition, judged by a culture, deemed painful or disabling, and which deviate from statistical norm or some idealised status

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15
Q

Theories of illness/disease: culver and gert
Problems

A

Mixes disease and illness- you can have pathology with feeling ill

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16
Q

Theories of illness/disease: William white

A

State of the organism, which is currently losing a battle with temperature, water, micro-organisms, disappointment etc (disruption of homeostasis)
Visualised as the reaction to an energy impact (addition or deprivation)

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17
Q

Theories of illness/disease: Peery and miller

A

Disturbance of the structure or function of the body
Imbalance between the individual and his environment
A lack of perfect health

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18
Q

Theories of illness/disease: the biomedical model

A

More disease= poorer health
Problems can be resolved by remedies- therefore health is something that exists outside of the person
Definition was used to inspire governments to invest in health services

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19
Q

Biomedical model problems

A

Risk of mysticism- regain something we’ve lost Asa result of person or social failing
Not all problems can be solved with a remedy
Suggests solution is either the medical practitioner not the individual

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20
Q

Structural determinants of health

A

Genetic
Constitutional (age/sex)
Culture
Lifestyle
Social/community network
Living and working conditions

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21
Q

Lifestyle factors promoting mortality

A

Obesity
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Excessive alcohol
Poor diet

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22
Q

Health belief model

A

Influences on changing behaviours:
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived barriers
Benefits
Self-efficacy

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23
Q

Health behaviour

A

Aimed to prevent disease

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24
Q

Illness behaviour

A

Aimed to seek remedy

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25
Q

Sick role behaviour

A

Aimed to get well

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26
Q

4 components of the sick role

A

Patient exempt from normal social roles
Is not responsible for their condition
Should try to get well
Should seek help and cooperate with medical professionals

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27
Q

Criticisms of the sick role

A

Failure to account for conflict
Cannot account for social change- patients are not passive and more active in their care; patient-doctor relationship is not symmetrical
People with chronic conditions remains in a deviant state

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28
Q

Sociological models of health - sociology

A

Study of social relations and social processes (direct human actions result from collective human actions)
Social structures can include religion, family or medical professional

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29
Q

Sociological models of health - functionalism

A

Suggests that health is a state of optimum capacity if an individual for being effective at the tasks required by them for society
Illness can be a state of social deviance. - failure to conform to norms
Doctors distinguish between normality and deviance

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30
Q

Sociological models of health - Marxist

A

Economy is the base of society and this changes the pattern of health with society
Health is viewed at 2 levels:
Affected either directly or indirectly- industrial disease, or indirectly- commodity production
Income and wealth determine standard of living

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31
Q

Sociological models of health - social paradox

A

Diseases can be caused by social factors but treated with biological interventions

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32
Q

Sociological models of health - medicalisation hypothesis

A

Professionals see problems in terms of their own profession- doctors see everything medically
Problems that seem medical could be products of social forces

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33
Q

Sociological models of health - iatrogenesis

A

The unintended adverse effects of a therapeutic intervention
Can be clinical, social or cultural

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34
Q

Role of public health

A

Improve health protection and promotion
Preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised efforts of society
Can be local regional national or international

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35
Q

3 domains of public heath

A

Health protection
Health improvement/promotion
Improving services

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36
Q

Health protection

A

Infectious diseases
Chemicals and poisons
Radiation
Emergency response
Environmental health hazards

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37
Q

Health improvement/promotion

A

Lifestyle
Inequality
Education
Housing
Employment
Family/community

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38
Q

Improving services

A

Clinical effectiveness
Efficiency
Service planning
Audit and evaluation
Clinical governance
Equity

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39
Q

Demography

A

Anatomy of a population

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40
Q

Sociology

A

Physiology of a population

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41
Q

Epidemiology

A

Pathology of a population

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42
Q

Policies and strategy plans

A

Diagnosis and treatment

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43
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations
Application = to control health problems

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44
Q

Incidence

A

How many new cases in a year

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45
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of population affected, overall burden
affected by incidence and rate of cure/death

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46
Q

Burden of disease

A

How it affects your lofe

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47
Q

Person time

A

Years of study that each person gives
Useful for assessing power of a trial when people drop out

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48
Q

Incidence rate

A

Number of persons becoming cases divided by total person time risk

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49
Q

Social influences on health

A

Life expectancy
Income division
Income threshold
Gini coefficient
Social class
Inverse care law
Patient compliance
Illness vs disease

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50
Q

Life expectancy

A

Decreases as social class decreases
Within a nation, income influences health
Lower come = worse health
Uk- further north = lower life expectancy

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51
Q

What is social class a measure of

A

Occupation
Stratification (hierarchical rank)
Social position
Access to power and resources

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52
Q

Income division

A

Main determinant of population health
Increasing- more unequal societies

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53
Q

What is the main determinant of population health

A

Income division

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54
Q

When a country reaches a certain income threshold

A

Disease stops being due to poverty
Becomes degenerative disease
Income has no effect on health of a nation

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55
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Statistical representation of a nation’s income distribution
Lower the coefficient = greater the equality
UK has high inequality coefficient compared to Scandinavian countries

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56
Q

Inverse care law

A

Availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it within a population

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57
Q

Disease

A

Objective medical definition of a deviation in normal functiom

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58
Q

Illness

A

Subjective perception of a deviation from normal experience

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59
Q

Public health in action

A

83 bus route
Chloera
Notifiable diseases

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60
Q

Notifiable diseases types

A

Scary
Nasty
Preventable
Other
Contact tracing

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61
Q

Notifiable diseases types - scary

A

Anthrax
Cholera
Dysentery
Malaria
Rabies
Yellow fever

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62
Q

Notifiable diseases types - nasty

A

Scarlet fever
Viral hepatitis (A,B,C)

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63
Q

Notifiable diseases types - preventable

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Whooping cough

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64
Q

Notifiable diseases types - other

A

Food poisoning
TB
Chlamydia

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65
Q

Notifiable diseases types - contact tracing

A

Meningitis

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66
Q

83 bus route

A

Bus route through Sheffield
Starts south-west in most affluent area finishes in north-east in least affluent area
Change in life expectancy of around 9 years

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67
Q

Cholera

A

John snow
1854 Soho outbreak
Large number of people in localised area died from an unknown cause
Discovered that the spread was related to a water pump
Broad street water pump
Association between risk factor and outcome
Removal of pump handle led to stop of cholera
Became the founder of epidemiology and father of Public health

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68
Q

Primary prevention

A

An intervention implemented before there is evidence of a disease or injury

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69
Q

Intent of primary prevention

A

Reduce or eliminate causative risk factors- risk reduction

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70
Q

NAS Example of primary prevention

A

Prevent addiction from occurring
Prevent pregnancy

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71
Q

Secondary prevention

A

An intervention implemented after a disease has begun, but before it’s symptomatic

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72
Q

Intent of secondary prevention

A

Early identification through screening and treatment

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73
Q

NAS Example of secondary prevention

A

Screen pregnant women for substance use during prenatal visits and refer for treatment

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74
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

An intervention implemented after a disease or injury is established

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75
Q

Intent of tertiary prevention

A

Prevent sequelae (getting worse)

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76
Q

NAS Example of tertiary prevention

A

Treat addicted women
Treat babies with NAS

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77
Q

Prevention paradox

A

A larger number of people at small risk of disease may contribute to more cases of disease than a smaller number of people who are individually at greater risk

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78
Q

Examples of health promotion campaigns

A

Change 4 life
Stoptober
Promoting screening and immunisations
Cervical smear screening
MMR vaccine
Smoking ban- population approach to secondary prevention

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79
Q

High risk approach to prevention

A

Targeting of health promotion and disease prevention at groups based on information from epidemiological studies eg chlamydia screening for people age 15-24

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80
Q

Population approach to prevention

A

Aims to lower the level of risk in the population
- includes health promotion

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81
Q

Which prevention approach reduces social inequalities

A

Population approacj

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82
Q

Why does the high risk group approach to prevention favour more affluent/better educated groups

A

More likely to engage with health services
More likely to comply with treatments
More likely to have the necessary means to change their lifestyle

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83
Q

Absolute risk

A

Probability of an event within a stated time period

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84
Q

Relative risk

A

Probability of an event relative to exposure

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85
Q

Levels of intervention

A

Population level
Individual level

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86
Q

Population level intervention

A

Health promotion
Process of enabling people to exert control over determinants of health, thereby improving health

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87
Q

Individual level intervention

A

Patient centred approach
Care responsive to individual needs

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88
Q

Nuffield ladder of intervention

A

Do nothing- monitor
Provide information
Enable choice
Guide choice through changing default
Guide choice through incentives eg financial
Guide choice through disincentives
Restrict choice
Eliminate choice

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89
Q

Intervention methods

A

Motivational interviewing
Social marketing
Nudge theory
Mindspace
Financial incentive

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90
Q

Nudge theory

A

Changing the environment to make the healthy option easiest

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91
Q

Transtheoretical model

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparing to change
Action
Maintenance
Stable changed lifestyles/relapse

92
Q

When and who created the health belief model

A

Becker
1974

93
Q

Health belief model

A

Individuals must believe:
-they are susceptible to the condition
-it has serious consequences
-taking actions reduces their risk
-benefits of taking action outweighs the cost

94
Q

When and who created theory of planned behaviour

A

Ajzen
1988

95
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Best predictor of behaviour is intention
Determined by:
-attitude towards the behaviour
-perceived social pressure/subjective norm
-persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour/their perceived behavioural control
-barriers to action eg fear, time, cost , stigma

96
Q

Reasons for resistance to change

A

Unrealistic optimism
Health beliefs
Situational rationality
Culture variability
Socioeconomic factors
Stress
Age

97
Q

Unrealistic optimism

A

Individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviour due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility

98
Q

What can influence health perceptions and change

A

Lack of personal experience
Belief that preventable by personal action
Belief that if it hasn’t happened by now it is unlikely to
Belief that problem is infrequent

99
Q

Types of transmission

A

Direct
Direct route eg STIs
Faecal oral route
Indirect
Vector-borne eg malaria
Vehicle-borne eg viral gastroenteritis
Airborne
Respiratory route eg TB

100
Q

Number of health care associated infections in England per year

A

300000

101
Q

Number of direct deaths attributable to infection control per year

A

5000

102
Q

Number of deaths substantially attributable to infection control per year

A

15000

103
Q

Cost of infection control

A

£1 billion per year

104
Q

What percentage of blood stream infections are directly related to IV devices in situ

A

64%

105
Q

Legal responsibility to prevent infection

A

Health and social care act 2006/2009
Prevention is better than cure

106
Q

Why is infection control important

A

Prevention is better than cure
Increased length of stay for patients
Public perception/confidence in health care
A reservoir of infection develops
Antibiotics become ineffective

107
Q

Chain of infection

A

Susceptible host
Causative microorganisms
Reservoir
Portal of entry/exit
Mode of transmission

108
Q

Chain of infection: susceptible host

A

Low immunity
Elderly
Neonatal
Malnourished
Low white cell count
Imbalance in normal flora
Invasive procedures
Inadequate hygiene

109
Q

Chain of infection: causative microorganisms

A

Increase number in hospitals
Resistant strains

110
Q

Chain of infection: reservoir

A

Patients
Visitors
Staff
Fomites- where the spread originates

111
Q

Chain of infection: portal of entry/exit

A

Respiratory tract
GI tract
GU tract
Broken skin

112
Q

Chain of infection: mode of transmission

A

Exogenous - direct/indirect, vector spread, airborne
Endogenous- self spread

113
Q

Types of hand washing

A

Level 1- routine handwashing
Level 2- hygienic hand antisepsis
Level 3-surgical hand scrub

114
Q

Types of soaps

A

Alcohol gel
Antimicrobial liquid soap

115
Q

Alcohol gel

A

Destroys most transient organisms eg MRSA

Doesn’t kill norovirus or C.diff

116
Q

Antimicrobial liquid soap

A

Removes all transient organisms

117
Q

Transient hand flora

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci
Viruses
Anaerobic cocci
Staphylococcus epidermis

118
Q

3 types of ways to dispose of clinical waste

A

Household waste
Clinical waste- sharps, dressing, body fluids/tissue
Sharps bins

119
Q

Associated diseases with diarrhoea

A

Dysentery
Typhoid
Hepatitis
Cholera

120
Q

Causative organisms of diarrhoea

A

E.coli
Salmonella paratyphi
Norovirus
Clostridium difficile

121
Q

Norovirus

A

Major cause of winter vomiting
Lasts 1-3 days
Common in winter- 600000-1 million cases per year

122
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Associated with broad spectrum antibiotics
High mortality
Carried asymptomatically in 36% of hospital patients
Spread by faecal-oral route and via spores

123
Q

Clostridium difficile- SIGHT

A

SUSPECT c.diff as a cause of diarrhoea
ISOLATE the case
GLOVES and aprons must be worn
HAND washing with soap and water
TEST stool for toxin/ TREAT with metronidazole or vancomycin

124
Q

Diarrhoea in children

A

Kills more than aids, malaria and measles combined
1 in 5 child deaths

Prevention with a oral rehydration therapy package from WHO-UNICEF

125
Q

Control measures to prevent spread of causative agents of diarrhoea

A

Hand washing with soap
Safe drinking water
Safe disposal of human waste
Breastfeeding of infants and young children
Safe handling and processing of food
Control of flies/vectors
Vaccination

126
Q

Challenges of an ageing population

A

Strains on pensions and social security

127
Q

Causes of an aging population

A

Improvement in sanitation, housing, nutrition and medical interventions
Life expectancy is rising
Substantial falls in fertility
Cedline in premature mortality

128
Q

How much will the proportion of the population +85 increase by 2025

A

60%

129
Q

Age gender bias

A

Women live longer than men
In very old age the ratio is 2:1

130
Q

Causes of age gender bias

A

Biological (20%)- premenopausal women are protected from heart disease by hormones
Environmental (80%)- men take more lifestyle risks

131
Q

Types of ageing

A

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

132
Q

Intrinsic aging

A

Natural
Universal
Inevitable

133
Q

Extrinsic aging

A

Dependent on external factors
UV rays
Smoking
Air pollution

134
Q

Physical changes of the ageing process

A

Loss of skin elasticity
Loss of hair and hair colouring
Decrease in size and weight
Loss of joint flexibility
Increased susceptibility to illness
Decline in learning ability
Less efficient memory
Affects hearing taste and smell

135
Q

Age and sight

A

Need x3 more light
Narrowing visual field
Worse colour/depth perception

136
Q

Age and hearing

A

High frequency loss
Poor speech comprehension

137
Q

Taste and smell and age

A

50% loss of taste buds

138
Q

Categorising disabilities

A

Physical or cognitive
Congenital or developmental

139
Q

Chronic illness

A

Persistent or recurrent condition
May or may not be severe
Starts gradually with slow changes
Can’t be cured but can be treated

140
Q

Age and chronic illness

A

Correlation with increasing co-morbid conditions
Poverty and poor living conditions increase with age

141
Q

Katz ADL scale measures

A

Bathing
Dressing
Toilet use
Transferring- in/out of beds and chairs
Urine and bowel continence
Eating

142
Q

Measuring limitations amongst the elderly

A

Katz ADL scale
IADL (instrumental activities of daily life)
MMSE (mini mental state examination)
Barthel ADL index

143
Q

IADL

A

Use of the telephone
Travelling by car or using public transport
Foods/clothes shopping
Meal preparation
Housework
Medication use
Management of money

144
Q

MMSE

A

Orientation
Immediate memory
Short term memory
Language functioning

145
Q

MMSE

A

Orientation
Immediate memory
Short term memory
Language functioning

146
Q

Number of items on the barthel ADL index

A

10

147
Q

Barthel ADL index

A

Feeding
Moving from wheelchair to bed
Grooming
Transferring to and from toilet
Bathing
Walking on level surface
Stairs
Dressing
Continence of bowels
Continence of bladder

148
Q

Institutionalising death

A

60% of people die in hospital
Most want to die at hoem

149
Q

Medicalisation of death

A

Death as failure
Curative endeavour of biomedicine
Prolonging life at any cost
Death as a natural part of our life challenge

150
Q

Glaser and srauss 1965

A

Awareness of dying

Observational study of interactions between dying people, relatives and staff
Identified 4 awareness contexts: closed awareness, suspicion awareness , mutual pretence, open awareness

151
Q

4 awareness contexts identified by glaser and srauss

A

Closed awareness
Suspicion awareness
Mural pretence
Open awareness

152
Q

4 awareness contexts identified by glaser and srauss

A

Closed awareness
Suspicion awareness
Mutual pretence
Open awareness

153
Q

Social death

A

When people die in social and interpersonal terms before their biological death- lonely , impersonal death

154
Q

Good death

A

Palliative care became a speciality
Aiming to de-medicalise death
Reaction against impersonal medical deaths

155
Q

Death - the hospice way

A

Open awareness, compassion, honesty
Multi-disciplinary teams
Emotion and relationships- modelled on a family approach
Holistic care

156
Q

Psychological definition of stress

A

Occurs when demands made upon an individual are greater than their ability to cope

157
Q

2 types of stress

A

Distress
Eustress

158
Q

Distress

A

Negative stress
Damaging and harmful

159
Q

Eustress

A

Positive stress
Beneficial and motivating

160
Q

Causes of stress

A

Acute
Chronic

161
Q

Acute causes of stress

A

Noise
Danger
Infections
Injuries
Hunger

162
Q

Chronic causes of stress

A

Health
Home
Finances
Work
Family
Friends

163
Q

Internal stressor

A

Physical- inflammation/infection
Psychological- personal expectations/worry/belief in yourself

164
Q

External stressors

A

Environmental factors
Work
Social and cultural pressures

165
Q

Jobs with high stress levels

A

Health professionals
Teachers
Care personnel

166
Q

Main reasons for work place stress

A

Pressure
Lack of managerial support
Work related violence and bullying

167
Q

Percentage of junior doctors with a drinking problem

A

20%

168
Q

Percentage of medical students found to be stressed and probably mentally unwell

A

31%

169
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Automatic response to external acute stressors
Produces a physiological response

170
Q

Effects of fight or flight response

A

Lungs- increase O2 uptake
Blood flow- increases to muscles by up to 400%
Skeletal muscles- tense
Spleen - more erythrocytes released
Skin- loses blood flow
Mouth- drier as saliva and mucus dry up
Immune cells - redistributed to where injury might occur

171
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

Alarm
Adaption/resistance
Exhaustion

172
Q

Interaction model

A

Stress is an interaction between a person and the environment
Introduces the concept of appraisal
Impact of stressors influenced by coping mechanisms and past experience with stressors

173
Q

Stress-illness model

A

Susceptibility to disease or illness is increased
Stressors cause strain to the individual
Leads to psychological and physiological changes

174
Q

Biochemical signs of when stress becomes too much

A

Endorphin levels altered
Increase in cortisol

175
Q

Physiological signs of when stress becomes too much

A

Shallow breathing
Raised BP
Increased acid production in stomach
Fight or flight response

176
Q

Behavioural signs of when stress becomes too much

A

Increase in absenteeism
Smoking
Alcohol
Changes in eating patterns
Sleep disturbances

177
Q

Cognitive signs of when stress becomes too much

A

Negative thoughts
Loss of concentration
Tension headaches

178
Q

Emotional signs of when stress becomes too much

A

Tearful
Mood swings
Irritable
Aggressive
Bored
Apathetic

179
Q

Managing stress

A

Mediating factors- social support, beliefs and attitudes, perception, personality, coping strategies, lifestyle and gender
Stress management - CBT, t’ai chi, yoga, exercise, self help and support

180
Q

PTSD criteria

A

Person experienced or witnessed a traumatic event or a threat to physical integrity
Person responded with fear, helplessness or horror

181
Q

PTSD symptoms

A

Traumatic event persistently experienced
Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma
Persistent symptoms of increased arousal, insomnia, irritability, difficulty concentrating

182
Q

Example of causes of PTSD

A

Childhood physical/ emotional/ sexual abuse
Violent attacks
Nataural catastrophes
Rape, war, combat exposure

183
Q

Multimorbidity

A

Presence of 2 or more chronic conditions

184
Q

What percentage of over 65 have multimorbidity

A

> 50%

185
Q

What is the leading cause of service use

A

Multimorbidity

186
Q

How much of total health and social care expenditure is on chronic conditions

A

£7 in £10

187
Q

Frailty

A

Accumulation of deficits across organ systems
Impaired ability to respond to adverse events

188
Q

Number of people in uk who are clinically frail

A

1.7 million

189
Q

Signs of frailty

A

Slow walking
Low energy
Low physical activity
Unintentional weight loss
Limitations in activity of daily living

190
Q

Geroscience

A

A research paradigm based in addressing the biology of ageing and biology of age-related diseases together

191
Q

What is biological ageing

A

Accumulation of damage to cells and tissues leading to progressive loss of tissue function

192
Q

What causes damage to cells in ageing

A

Accumulation of toxic metabolites
DNA damage
Mitochondrial dysfunction

Leading to apoptosis or senescence

193
Q

Senescence

A

the condition or process of deterioration with age
loss of a cell’s power of division and growth

194
Q

What accelerates the rate of ageing

A

Lower socioeconomic status
Pollution
Poor housing and harsh working conditions
High stress levels
Lack of nutritious diet and exercise
Discrimination

195
Q

What drives organ dysfunction

A

Senescence

196
Q

Concept behind system medicine

A

there are common genes and pathways among diseases and diseases appear in clusters,
Each cluster is underpinned by a common mechanistic origin.
These clusters radically change what we call a disease.
The underlying causal molecular mechanism becomes the disease definition
Drugs are developed targeting the molecular mechanism for specific clusters of diseases.

197
Q

What model of care does not work well for older people

A

Present single disease model

198
Q

Number of adults not active enough

A

1 in 3

199
Q

Percentage of adolescents insufficiently physically active

A

80%

200
Q

Exercise definition

A

Activity required physical effort carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness
A subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive and aims to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness

201
Q

Physical activity definition

A

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure

202
Q

Ways of measuring physical activity

A

Self report eg IPAQ, WSQ
Direct observation
Heart rate monitoring
Accelerometry
Inclinometry
Portable indirect calorimetry
Doubly labelled water

203
Q

How is physical activity measured

A

MET- metabolic equivalent
1 MET =metabolic rate at rest

204
Q

Accelerometers

A

Small, lightweight , unobtrusive
Record the time, duration, frequency and intensity of walking or running movements

205
Q

Aerobic exercise prescription - frequency

A

X5 weekly

206
Q

Aerobic exercise prescription - intensity

A

Moderate/vigorous

207
Q

Aerobic exercise prescription - type

A

All weight-bearing

208
Q

Aerobic exercise prescription - time

A

30 mins+, minimise sedentary time

209
Q

Resistance exercise prescription - frequency

A

X2 weekly

210
Q

Resistance exercise prescription - intensity

A

Moderate

211
Q

Resistance exercise prescription - type

A

Muscle-strengthening
Bone loading

212
Q

Resistance exercise prescription - time

A

30 mins+

213
Q

Gold standard for measuring fitness

A

Cardiopulmonary exercise test

214
Q

model of iatrogenesis

A

Disease can be caused by the unintended adverse effects of therapeutic intervention which can be clinical, social or cultural

215
Q

Ageing - biological level

A

impact of the accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time.

Decrease in physical and mental capacity, growing risk of disease and death

216
Q

WHO key challenges of an ageing population

A

•strains on pension and social security systems;
•increasing demand for health care;
•bigger need for trained-health workforce;
•increasing demand for long-term care;
•pervasive ageism that denies older people the rights and opportunities available for other adults.

217
Q

Current number of people over 65 in the uk

A

11 million

218
Q

Causes of ageing population

A

Improvements in sanitation, housing, nutrition, medical interventions.
•Life expectancy is rising around the world.
•Substantial falls in fertility.
•Decline in premature mortality.
•More people reaching older age while fewer children are born.

219
Q

UN decade of healthy aging 2021-2030

A

Global collaboration for 10 years of ‘concerted, catalytic and collaborative’ action to foster longer and healthier lives
•Seeks to reduce health inequalities in 4 ways:-
◦changing how we think, feel and act towards age and ageism;
◦developing communities in ways that foster the abilities of older people;
◦delivering person-centred integrated care and primary health services responsive to older people;
◦and providing older people who need it with access to quality long-term care

220
Q

Main causes of all deaths

A

Circulatory (CHD,stroke)
Cancers (lung, breast, bowel)
Respiratory (COPD, bronchitis, asthma)

221
Q

Influenced on poor mental health in later life

A

Retirement
Bereavement
Medication
Loneliness
Depression
Poor physical health

222
Q

What percentage of hospital admissions are for patients aged 65+

A

40%

223
Q

How many times more is the health budget spending for patients aged 65+ than 16-64

A

4

224
Q

Principles for good primary health care of older people

A

To help prevent unnecessary loss of function
◦To prevent and treat health problems which adversely affect quality of life in old age
◦To supplement the existing system of informal care and prevent its breakdown
◦To give older people a good death as well as a good life

225
Q

Caregiver burden

A

◦Problems – disability & disturbance behaviours
•Incontinence; nocturnal disturbance; demands; apathy/disengagement

◦Physical disabilities less problematic than mental
•Distortion & loss of relationship

◦Mental & physical health problems as outcome
•Carer requires care

Public Health (7 decks)

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