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Second yaaa > Head, Neck + Neuro > Flashcards

Head, Neck + Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

Axon guidance + synaptic support

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2
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

Act as a phagocyte- immune defence

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3
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells?

A

to produce myelin sheath in the PNS

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4
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

to produce myelin sheath in the CNS

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5
Q

what is the role of satellite cells?

A

control over the microenvironment of sympathetic ganglia

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6
Q

what is the role of ependymal cells?

A

to produce CSF

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7
Q

Define “aphasia”

A

Difficulty with speech

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8
Q

what word would you use to describe one sided weakness?

A

hemiparesis

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9
Q

why is the central sulcus an important anatomical landmark? (what does it separate?)

A

separates the parietal and frontal lobes, and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

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10
Q

what 3 structures make up the brain stem?

A

The medulla
-controls breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, and heart rate.

The pons (Latin for “bridge”), -links the cerebellum to the cerebrum.

The midbrain, which governs rudimentary vision and hearing.

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11
Q

what’s Broca’s area responsible for?

A

motor speech

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12
Q

what is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

language (comprehension of speech)

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13
Q

what is a focal lesion?

A

Focal lesions are circumscribed areas of injury to brain tissue following brain injury.

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14
Q

what is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

Grey matter contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons.

White matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts.

[The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin]

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15
Q

what is a venous sinus?

A

Any of the channels of a branching complex sinus network that lies between layers of the dura mater, and functions to collect oxygen-depleted blood.

Unlike veins, these sinuses possess no muscular coat. Their lining is endothelium, a layer of cells like that which forms the surface of the innermost coat of the veins.

receive blood from the veins of the brain and connect directly or ultimately with the internal jugular vein.

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16
Q

what are the four paranasal sinuses from top to bottom?

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary

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17
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

fold of meningeal layer of dura mater partition lying between the two hemispheres of the brain

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18
Q

what is tentorium cerebelli?

A

“tent of cerebellum” “ an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.

19
Q

what is the fax cerebelli?

A

a small sickle shaped fold of dura mater, projecting forwards into the posterior cerebellar notch as well as projecting into the vallecula of the cerebellum between the two cerebellar hemispheres

20
Q

what is the crista Galli?

A

The crista galli (Latin: “crest of the rooster”) is the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone[1], which rises above the cribrifrom plate. The falx cerebri (fold of the dura mater) attaches to the crista galli.

The olfactory bulbs of the olfactory nerve lie on either side of the crista galli on top of the cribriform plate.

21
Q

what is the cranial vault?

A

the space taken up by the brain

22
Q

what is the external occipital protuberance?

A

the bump you can feel at the back of the head. The nuchal ligament and trapezius muscle attach to it

23
Q

what are the inner and outer tables and the diploe of the skull?

A

In the cranial bones, the layers of compact cortical tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë.

24
Q

what is the cloves of the skull?

A

The clivus (Latin for “slope”) is a bony part of the cranium at the skull base, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellæ that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone.

25
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

• Sternocleidomastoid (posterior border)
• Trapezius m. (anterior border)
> Middle 1/3 of clavicle

26
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

• Sternocleidomastoid (anterior border)
• Mandible (inferior border)
> Midline of neck

27
Q

What are the four major structures contained in thecarotid sheath?

A 
commoncarotidartery
internalcarotidartery 
(medial) internal jugular vein 
(lateral) the vagus nerve
(posterior) the deep cervical lymph nodes.
28
Q

what are the exit points of the cranial nerves?

A

I Olfactory - Cribiform plate

II Optic - optic canal

III Oculomotor - Superior Orbital Fissure
IV Trochlear - Superior Orbital Fissure
V(1) Trigeminal (Opthalmic) - Superior Orbital Fissure
VI Abducens - Superior Orbital Fissure

V(2) Trigmenial (Maxillary) - Foramen rotundum

V(3) Trigeminal (Mandibular) - Foramen ovale

VII Facial - Internal Acoustic Meatus
VIII Vestibulocochlear - Internal Acoustic Meatus

IX Glossopharyngeal - Jugular Foramen
X Vagus - Jugular Foramen
XI Accessory - Jugular Foramen

XII Hypoglossal - Hypoglossal Canal

29
Q

In which parts of the brain stem are each of the cranial nerve nuclei?

A

olfactory + optic - cerebrum

22 44
1 oh 13 (31)

Midbrain - IV
midbrain-pontine junction - III
pons - V
pontine-medulla junction - VI, VII, VIII
medulla (posterior) - IX, X, XI (anterior) - XII
30
Q

Where would you insert the needle for an emergency airway and where for an elective airway (+why would you avoid a certain place for bonus points)

A

Emergency airway
Insert wide bone needle through cricothyroid ligament
Part at front = thicker

Elective airway
Make horizontal incision along stress lines
Open, remove strap muscles, gain access to front of trachea
holes in 2nd, 3rd and 4th rings, where isthmus is

Surgeons never interfere with 1st tracheal ring
As scar tissue forms that restricts and interferes with airway

31
Q

what are two common places where fish bones might get stuck?

A

valeculla and pyriform fossa

32
Q

what are the two drugs of interest for treating AMD and their relative prices?

A

ranubizimab -£750 (ran out fast)

bevucizimab -£49.99/£75 (more money 4 bevs)

33
Q

what’s the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?

A 
declarative= life events/facts, easily formed+forgotten
non-declarative= emotional response, procedural memory, motor skills; less easily formed and forgotten
34
Q

What is the name given to movements based largely on a set of pre-programmed instructions?
-rapid, but at the expense of accuracy (returning a tennis serve/swatting a fly)

A

ballistic (pre-programmed) movements

35
Q

What is the name given to motor command that is continually updated according to sensory feedback?

A

Pursuit or visual feedback movements

36
Q

what are the roles of the supplementary and premotor cortexes?

A

Involved in the planning of movements

Activity in this area before any movement or activity in the primary motor cortex (M1)

Premotor - Proximal limbs PP
Supplementary - distal limbs

37
Q

what is the basic function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiation of movement - putting motor motor plan into action
Planning of complex voluntary movements

38
Q

what is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Neurons which rely on dopamine for signalling degenerate (dopaminergic neurons)

39
Q

what are choreas and in which disease would you be likely to see them?

A

random involuntary movements - Huntington’s disease

40
Q

what is the basic function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination and smooth execution of movements

41
Q

what are the two lateral pathways and where do the pyramidal neutrons form M1 project to in each?

A

rubrospinal (red nucleus RR) + corticospinal (spinal cord)

42
Q

what is the main function of the lateral pathways?

A

control of voluntary movement and distal muscle groups

43
Q

what is the main function of the ventromedial pathways?

A

proximal and trunk muscles and maintain posture

Second yaaa (6 decks)

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