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Second yaaa > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

ovarian artery + vein

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2
Q

what is the name of the peritoneal pouch anterior to the uterus?

A

vesicouterine pouch

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3
Q

what are the names of he four sections of the uterine tube from distal to proximal?

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
uterine part

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4
Q

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilisation occur?

A

ampulla

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5
Q

what is meant by the term “anteflexion”?

A

body of uterus is bent forward on the cervix

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6
Q

what is meant by the term “anteversion”?

A

whole uterus is bent forward at a right angle to the vagina

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7
Q

where is the bulbourethral gland located and what is its function?

A

below the prostate

-produce a mucous-like secretion to help things flow through urethra

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8
Q

what are the 6 layers of the wall of the scrotum?

A 
skin
dartos muscle (crinkles skin)
external spermatic fascia
cremaster muscle (contract to raise testis in cold weather)
cremasteric fascia
internal spermatic fascia
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9
Q

where would a hydrocele form?

A

excess fluid between the parietal and visceral tunica vaginalis

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10
Q

which kidney is higher?

A

left (due to liver on right)

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11
Q

what is the network between the epididymous and the straight tubules from the seminiferous tubules called?

A

Rete testis

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12
Q

describe the epithelium of the epididymous

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia

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13
Q

what is the blood supply to the testis?

A

testicular a.

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14
Q

what is the venous drainage of the testis?

A

pampiniform plexus -> testicular v. -> IVC on right, renal v. on left

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15
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the testis?

A

testis -> para-aortic nodes

scrotum -> inguinal nodes

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16
Q

how long is the ductus deferens?

A

45cm (same as femur, thoracic duct, spinal cord, incisors-> cardiac end of stomach)

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17
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

secrete alkaline fluid -> neutralise
fructose -> ATP for sperm
prostaglandins -> aid sperm mobility, viability + stimulate contraction of female reproductive tract

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18
Q

where does the urogenital tract originate from, embryologically?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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19
Q

what are the names of the 3 primitive kidney structures?

A

pronephros, mesonephros + metanephros

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20
Q

from what 2 sources does the definitive kidney develop?

A

metanephric mesoderm

ureteric duct

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21
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the intestinal, reproductive and urinary tracts at early stages
(gives rise to anterior urogenital sinus + posterior rectal/anal canal)

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22
Q

what are the ureteric buds?

A

protrusions of mesonephric duct

allows urine drainage from the developing kidney

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23
Q

what is the allantois?

A

sac like structure involved in nutrition + exertion, evagination of hindgut

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24
Q

what is the urachus?

A

duct between bladder + yolk sac

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25
Q

what is another name for the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Mullerian ducts

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26
Q

what is another name for the mesonephric ducts?

A

Wolffian ducts

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27
Q

at what week does sex differentiation begin?

A

week 7

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28
Q

what causes mullein ducts to regress in males

A

anti-Mullerian hormone - by Sertoli cells of testis

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29
Q

what is the “ovary determining gene”?

A

Wnt 4

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30
Q

which gene promotes differentiation of testis?

A

SRY- Sex determining Region of Y chromosome

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31
Q

from what structure do the penis and the clitoris originate?

A

the phallus

32
Q

describe hypospadias

A

urethral folds don’t fuse

33
Q

which enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5- alpha reductase

34
Q

from what are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

cholesterol

35
Q 
Describe the characteristics of
0 Primordial follicle
1 primary follicle
2 secondary follicle
3 Graafian/ tertiary follicle
A

0 single layer of cells, primary oocyte
1 >1 layer, zona pellucida
2 presence of Antrum (fluid filled space), oocyte goes to one side, granulose cells surround oocyte - secrete aromatase
3 bigger

36
Q

what is the function of aromatase?

A

converts androgens to oestrogens

37
Q

what is the function of inhibin?

A

inhibits FSH, but NOT LH (LH surge)

38
Q

what is meant by “hirsutism”

A

excess growth of hair on a female’s face or body

39
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium and describe the blood supply for each

A

stratum functionalism- spiral a.

stratum basalis- straight a.

40
Q

why does the endometrial tissue shed at menstruation?

A 
uterine lining gets no progesterone 
=> spiral arteries constrict
=> endometrial tissue becomes ischaemic
=> cell death + sloughing of stratum functionalism
=> built up blood gushes out
41
Q

what does the corpus lute become at 14 days, if no pregnancy?

A

corpus albicans (white)

42
Q

what are the functions of progestogens?

A

endometrial development, maintanance of pregnancy in placenta, mammary gland development

43
Q

vagina epithelium type

A

stratified squamous non-keratinising (nuclei present) (same as oesophagus

44
Q

why is the blood testis barrier important?

A

haploid cells would be recognised as foreign by immune cells, so is protected

45
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testes

46
Q

what are the components of the inguinal canal?

A

2 MALT

upper: 2 Muscles:
- internal oblique Muscle
- transverse abdominus Muscle

Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:

  • Aponeurosis of external oblique
  • Aponeurosis of internal oblique

Lower wall: 2 Ligaments:

  • inguinal Ligament
  • lacunar Ligament

Posterior wall: 2 Ts:

  • Transversalis fascia
  • conjoint Tendon
47
Q

what is the main danger associated with the inguinal canal?

A

potential site of herniation

48
Q

what passes through the inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord/round ligament of uterus
Ilioinguinal n.
Genital branch of genitofemoral n.
Blood and lymphatic vessels

49
Q

what is the function of the peritubular hyoid cells?

A
  • moves sperm along tubule

- signals Leydig cells to produce testosterone and move into tubule to support sperm

50
Q

how is renal selective reabsorption achieved?

A

due to unique renal tubular cell membrane composition

51
Q

when the macula dense senses increased tubular flow, what does it produce and what effect does that have?

A

adenosine -> afferent arteriolar constriction

52
Q

when the macula dense senses decreased tubular flow, what does it produce and what effect does that have?

A

renin ->RAAS

53
Q

Creatinine clearance (in steady state) can be used to estimate…

A

GFR (as creatinine produced at constant rate)

54
Q

what constitutes a low eGFR and is indicative of injured/diseased kidneys (along with haemo/proteinurea?

A

<60ml/min

55
Q

what is the most important inhibitor of kidney stone formation?

A

citrate

56
Q

What are the maximum and minimum urine outputs for a functioning kidney?

A

0.4 L/day

12 L/day

57
Q

what is meant by an “allogeneic” transplant?

A

do not and recipient not genetically identical, but from the same species

58
Q

what is the normal capacity of the bladder?

A

400-500ml

59
Q

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

inf. + superior vesical a. (from internal iliac a.)

+uterine + vaginal a. in female

60
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

vesical venous plexus -> internal iliac v.

61
Q

what is the nervous supply of the bladder?

A

sympathetic afferent = hypogastric n.
parasympathetic = sacral pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nuclei in intermediolateral columns of S2,3,4 (keep the pee off the floor)

vesical nervous plexus (branch of pelvic plexus)

62
Q

Lymphatic drainage of bladder?

A

vesical, internal, external + common iliac lymph nodes

63
Q

what 9 structures are found in the spermatic cord?

A 
1 ductus deferens
2 testicular a.
3 artery to the vas.
4 cremasteric a.
5 pampiniform plexus
6 genital branch of genitofemoral a.
7 autonomic n.s
8 lymph vessels
9 remnants of the processes vaginalis
64
Q

what is “atrasia”?

A

breakdown of a follicle containing an oocyte

65
Q

what is produced by the theca interna?

A

androgens

66
Q

what is the function of the granulosa cells?

A

to produce aromatase

67
Q

what are the two layers that make up the stratum functionalism, from lumen to myometrium?

A

stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum

68
Q

how long is the uterine tube?

A

about 13cm

69
Q

how do you calculate the anion gap?

A

[Na+] - [Cl-] + [HCO3-] (greater than 18 = not CO2 or HCO3)

70
Q

describe the maturation of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogonium -> (mitosis)
-> primary [diploid] spermatocyte (meiosis I)
-> secondary [haploid] spermatocyte (meiosis II)
-> spermatid (differentiation)
-> spermatozoon
(maturation + acquisition happens in lumen, then capacitation in female tract)

71
Q

describe the epithelium of the PCT + DCT

A

simple cuboidal

72
Q

describe the epithelium of the loop of Henle

A

simple squamous

73
Q

describe the epithelium of the collecting duct

A

simple columnar (plus principal= aquaporins + intercalated cells = acid/base balance)

74
Q

what is “spironolactone”?

A

K+ sparing diuretic

prevents body from absorbing excess Na+ and keeps K+ levels from getting too low

75
Q

what is “calcichew”?

A

Calcium carbonate= phospate binder

soaks ip phosphates in food so it doesn’t enter blood

Second yaaa (6 decks)

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