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Patho > Head/neck/eye > Flashcards

Head/neck/eye Flashcards

1
Q

Lingual thyroid nodule

A

Functioning thyroid tissue or a developmental cyst may occur anywhere along the path of descent, most commonly base of tongue

Symptoms:dysphagia, sore throat, dyspnea, dysphagia, tightness
**femalse

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2
Q

Branchial cleft cyst

A

“Gills” Lateral anterior aspect of neck or in parotid gland, contains thin, watery fluid and mucoid or gelatinous material, lined with squamous epithelium

3rd-5th decade of life

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3
Q

Cheilitis

A

Lips

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4
Q

Gingivitis

A

Gum

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5
Q

Gloss it’s

A

Tongue

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6
Q

Stomatitis

A

Oral mucosa

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7
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Beta hemolytic streptococci (strep pyogenes)

Damage to vascular endothelium by toxin, causes rash on skin and in oral mucosa

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8
Q

Scarlet fever signs and symptoms

A

Tongue has white coating
Hyperemic fungi form papillae project as small red knobs
Strawberry tongue
Sandpaper rash

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9
Q

Aphthous stomatitis

A

Canker sore, focal immune dysfunction
Minor, major and herpetiform
Macrophages and mast cells

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10
Q

Pyogenic granuloma

A

Reactive vascular lesion, tumor like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma
Filled with vascular channels, fibroelastic connective tissue, inflammatory cells
*pregnancy
Exophytic, seen in gingiva, red in color, grey pseudo membranes over the surface, ulceration of the epithelium

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11
Q

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Vincent angina)

A

Painful infection, ulceration, swelling, sloughing off of dead tissue from throat and mouth due to the spread of infection from gums, “trench mouth”
*fusiform bacillus, borrelia vincentii

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12
Q

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis signs and symptoms

A

Painful gums, profuse gum bleeding in response to any pressure or irritation, red and swollen gums, greyish film on the gums, crater-like ulcers between the teeth, young to middle aged adults

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13
Q

Ludwig angina

A

Cellulitis involving the fascial spaces between muscles and other structures of the posterior floor of the mouth that can compromise the airway
From odontogenic infection

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14
Q

Ludwig angina signs and symptoms

A

Sub axillary, sublingual, sub mental spaces
Board-like swelling of floor of mouth
Elevation of the tongue
Difficulty eating, swallowing, breathing, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea
Lead to glottal edema, asphyxiation

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A

Infection with corynebacterium diphtheriae
Patchy pseudo membrane
Begins on tonsils and pharynx, may involve soft palate, gingival or buccal mucosa

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16
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Most commonly from pulmonary disease
Irregular, painful ulcers commonly on the tongue
Caseating granulomatous lesions

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17
Q

Syphilis

A

Chancre of primary syphilis may form on the lips, tongue, or oropharyngealtrochessebhorriac mucosa
Followed by regional lymphadenitis and heals spontaneously
Secondary- mucocutaneous eruption, gray-white patches overlying the ulcerated surface
Tertiary- gummas on palate

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18
Q

Actinomycosis

A

Chronic bacterial disease, fungus-like features
Swelling of the mandible and usually painful
Exudate from draining sinus tracks often contain small, clinically visible yellowish-green calcified structures (sulfur granules)
Actinomycosis bovis and israelli, not contagious

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19
Q

Candidiasis

A

Mucosal and cutaneous conditions with a common etiology of Candida albicans (thrush)
Oral mucosa may be white, bright red, possible erosion of epithelium, may or may not wipe off

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20
Q

Cleft

A

Failure of fusion of facial structures in 7th week of embryonic life

Usually cleft upper lip

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21
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Mucosal condition that produces whiter than normal coloration of mucous membranes. Can’t be scraped off or classified as any other diagnosable disease

males >40, thickened keratin layer, chronic inflammatory cells in connective tissue

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22
Q

Erythroplakia

A

Chronic red mucosal patch, usually carcinoma or dysplasia
Asymptomatic red macule, well-demarcated, smooth, soft and velvety, disease of older men
Lack of keratin, thin atrophic epithelium covering the underlying microvasculature, chronic inflammatory cells

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23
Q

Oral hairy leukoplakia

A

White patches of the lateral borders of the tongue, found in latency stages of HIV patients, associated infection with Candida albicans and Epstein Barr virus
Positive correlation between depletion of peripheral CD4 cells and presence of hairy leukoplakia

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24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm, locally destructive growth and distant metastasis
Adult males, increased mitosis activity, keratin pearls, hyper chromatic nuclei, chronic inflammation

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25
Q

Periodontal disease

A

Disorders of the soft tissues surrounding the teeth, leads to loss of supporting bone
Adults, family history important
Accumulation of bacteria under gingiva, tartar, bacteriodes gingivalis

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26
Q

Odontogenic cyst

A

Inflammatory, preceded by chronic peri apical granuloma and stimulation from rests of malassez

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27
Q

Dentigerous cyst

A

Surrounds crown of an impacted tooth
Fluid accumulation between reduced enamel and enamel surface
firm hard mass, usually asymptomatic and not visible

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28
Q

Ameloblastoma

A

Benign, locally aggressive neoplasm, *most common odontogenic tumor
Slow growing, aggressive, causes facial deformities

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29
Q

Sialolithiasis

A

Calcifications stones occur in the ducts of salivary glands, submandibular, causes obstruction and inflammation

30
Q

Parotitis

A

Ascent of bacteria from oral cavity when salivary flow is reduced, staph aureus

31
Q

Epidemic parotitis

A

Mumps, acute viral disease that spreads with infected saliva

32
Q

Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)

A

Result of bacterial tonsillitis

May weaken the wall of the carotid artery, severe sore throat, odynophagia, deviation of soft palate, aspiration of pus

33
Q

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

Highly vascular neoplasm of Nasopharynx, bending but aggressive, males, nasal obstruction and hemorrhage

34
Q

Keloid

A

Firm, smooth, tender proliferation of scar tissue, extends beyond borders of original injury

35
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized mass of extravasated blood within the auricle- bruise
Drained to prevent deformity

36
Q

Relapsing polychondritis

A

Chronic inflammation, auto antibodies to cartilage, type 2 collagen and condroitin
Auricular erythema and edema
Painful

37
Q

Otitis media

A

Bacterial infection of mucosally lined air containing spaces of temporal bone
Oralia, aural pressure, decreased hearing, fever, erythema, TM buldge

38
Q

Chronic otitis media

A

Caused by recurrent acute otitis media
Perforation of the TM is usually present
Purulent aural discharge
Hearing loss

39
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Special variety of chronic otitis media, prolonged auditory tube dysfunction, negative middle ear pressure draws inward the upper flaccid portion of the TM
Creates a sac, becomes chronically infected, erodes bone, destruction of nerves

40
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Formation of new spongy bone about the stapes and oval window
Progressive deafness, autosomal dominant

41
Q

Meniere disease

A

Vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus triad

Less than 24 hours

42
Q

Arcus senilis

A

White arc due to lipid deposition in the cornea

43
Q

Band keratopathy

A

Opaque horizontal band across central cornea, from calcium or protein deposition
Associated with hypercalcemia

44
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Any inflammatory process that involves the conjunctiva
From : adenovirus, chlamydia, herpes simplex
Adenovirus is extremely contagious

45
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

In neonates, usually neisseria gonorrhoeae

Invasive and lead to rapid corneal perforation

46
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Lead to conjunctival scarring, lid derangement and ingrown eyelashes

47
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Causes keratitis and corneal ulcerations
Pain, photophobia, blurred vision, tearing, redness
Intra nuclear inclusion bodies

48
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens opacity, aging. Gradual progressive blurred vision

49
Q

Presbyopia

A

Impairment of vision associated with again, near point of distinct vision becomes located farther from the eye

50
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness, light from the object focuses at some point in front of the retina because of a longer than usual diameter of the eye

51
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Sudden profound monocular loss of vision, no pain or redness
Pallid swelling of retina, cherry red spot at fovea, embroil
Neurons susceptible to hypoxia
Retinal ischemia leads to cotton wool patches

52
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion

A

Sudden monocular loss of vision, no pain or redness

Wide spread retinal hemorrhages, retinal venous dilation and tortuosity, wool spots, optic disk swelling

53
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy

A

Arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages in retinal nerve fiber layer, exudates, cotton wool spots, micro aneurysms, flame hemorrhage, AV nicking (sclerosis within venous walls)

54
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Wool spots, capillary closure, microaneurysms, areas of nonperfusion, neovascularization which bleed easily and causes obscured vision

55
Q

Diabetic iridopathy

A

Dobro vascular layer grows along anterior surface of iris, adhesions between iris and cornea and iris and lens, painful blindness from secondary glaucoma
Lacy appearance, scattering of iris pigment

56
Q

Diabetic cataracts

A

Snowflake cataracts, white needle shaped opacities in the lends, may lead to myopia

57
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

Heritable cause of blindness, progressive, degenerative, retinopathies with night blindness and constriction of peripheral visual fields, loss of photoreceptors and pigment accumulation within retina

58
Q

Papilledema

A

Swollen optic disc, blurred margins and dilated vessels, hemorrhages, exudate so, cotton wool spots

59
Q

Optic atrophy

A

Loss of axons in the nerve

60
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intra ocular pressure with optic nerve damage, a cut or chronic

61
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

A

Older age groups, Asian, acutely painful, red eye, blurred vision, abdominal pain, n/v, halos around lights, hard eye, hazy cornea, fixed mid dilated pupil

62
Q

Primary open angle glaucoma

A

Blacks, more severe optic nerve damage

63
Q

open angle glaucoma

A

Chronic, insidious progressive bilateral loss of peripheral vision, tunnel vision

64
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of eyelids
Anterior- centered around eyelashes and follicles, burning itching and irritation of lids
Posterior- meiboian glands

65
Q

Blepharitis clinical features

A

Sandy, itchy eyes, red and/or swollen eyelids, crusty, flaky skin on eyelids, dandruff

66
Q

Horde plum

A

Style, acute inflammatory focal lesion of eyelid, staph aureus
Painful, erythematous, localized, purulent material from eyelash line (external)

67
Q

Chalazaion

A

Granulomatous inflammation, painless swelling in the eyelid, sterile, meibomian gland becomes blocked

68
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Yellow plaque of lipid containing macrophages, elevated plasma lipid levels

69
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bilateral, proptosis is unilateral, protrusion of the eyeball
Optic nerve compression, cornea exposure and ulceration

70
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Malignant intra ocular tumor in children, autosomal dominant, chromosome 13, Rb tumor suppressor gene mutation
Endophytic or exophytic

71
Q

Retinoblastoma clinical features

A

Leukocoria (white color behind eye)
Strabismus (bouncing of the eye)
Persistent red irritation
Differences in iris color, pupil color, tearing, proptosis

Patho (5 decks)

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