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Patho > Female > Flashcards

Female Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical cancer

A

May lead to ureteral compression, fistula formation, metastasis to regional lymph nodes

Clinically: vaginal bleeding after intercourse or douching. Pap smear with squamous cell carcinoma antigen

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2
Q

High risk type HPV for cervical cancers

A

Integrate into host genomes and bind to p53 and Rb proteins, inhibiting tumor suppressor functions. 16 & 18 more so

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3
Q

Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia

A

Begins with minimal atypicals, progresses through stages of more marked intraepithelia like abnormalities into invasive squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Schiller test

A

Acetic acid and lugol’s iodine, normal cells pull in iodine, abnormal cells are normal colored and need to be bopsied

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5
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the cervix

A

Endocervical cell, frequently associated types 16 and 18 of HPV

In situ: usually area of squamocolumnar junction, CGIN
Invasive: fungating, exophytic, endophytic

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6
Q

Chronic endometritis

A

Plasma cells in the endometrium typify this, bleeding, pelvic pain, or both

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7
Q

Pyometria

A

Pus in the endometrial cavity, associated with any lesion that causes cervical stenosis, tumor or scaring from surgical treatment

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8
Q

Traumatic lesions

A

Intrauterine device, increased menstrual flow, uterine perforation, spontaneous abortion

Intrauterine adhesions (asherman syndrome), fibrous adhesions after uterus has been curetted

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9
Q

Adenomyosis

A

Endometrial glands and stromatolites within the myo metrics, pain, dysmenorrheal, menorrhagia

Small, soft and red areas, some cystic

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10
Q

Endocervical polyp

A

Common cervical growth, single smooth or lobular end mass, manifests as vaginal bleeding or discharge due to erosions.

Lining epithelium: mutinous, varying degrees of squamous metaplasia

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11
Q

Endometrial polyp

A

Benign overgrowth in the endometrial cavity

Perimenopausal period, hypersensitive to estrogen or unresponsive to progesterone, continue to grow.

Intermenstrual bleeing

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12
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma

A

Continuum, linked to estrogen stimulation

Uterine bleeding, need curettage and hysterectomy with radiation

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13
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth muscle origin (myoma or fibroid)e estrogen promotes growth

Submucosal bleeding, cramping pains, torse and infarct, interfere with bowel or bladder function

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14
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of Fallopian tubes, ascending infections of lower genital tract

Infiltrate of PNMs, may reach the peritoneal cavity, infertility could result by blocking tube, common cause of ectopic pregnancy

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15
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation outside the uterus, usually Fallopian tubes

Passage of conceptus is impededuterine bleeding following amenorrhea, tubal rupture

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16
Q

Functional ovarian cysts

A

Anatomic variations, ovarian follicle fails to rupture, no ovulation and may become a cyst

Unilateral tenderness with palpable, mobile cystic mass. If ruptures, causes acute pelvic pain

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17
Q

PCOS

A

Multiple inactive cysts with hyperplastic ovarian stroma, LH:FSH ratio often greater than 3:1, secretion of excess androgen if hormones, anovulation

Peripheral insulin resistance, cycle to create more LH

18
Q

Krukenberg tumors

A

Ovarian metastases, tumor appears as a nest of mucin filled “signet ring” cells within a cellular stroma derived from the ovary

Stomach is the primary site

19
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations. Histological confirmation required.

Responds to hormones, causing adhesions, pain, fibrosis and inflammation. Infertility, pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding

20
Q

Endometriosis signs and treatment

A

Retroflexed tender uterus, nodular utero sacral ligaments, ovarian mass, blue/brown vaginal implants (rare)

Suppress estrogens for treatment

21
Q

Abnormal spermatogenesis

A

40% of infertility cases, abnormal sperm count reflects events 73 days prior

22
Q

Interference with Sperm production

A

External thermal shock, gonadotropin hormones measured, testicular biopsy

23
Q

Antisperm antibodies

A

Men and women can both produce them, if woman produces then sperm is immobilized in cervical mucous, if man produces then sperm agglutinate and unable to penetrate cervical mucous

24
Q

Hysterosalpingogram

A

X Ray that evaluates the internal female genital tract, performed between the 7th and 11th day of the cycle, 70% diagnostic accuracy

25
Q

To avoid infertility, avoid…

A

Caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, douching/lubricants

26
Q

Inner and outer layer of glandular tissue in breast

A

Inner- myoepithelial cells: structural support, assist in milk ejection during lactation

Outer: luminal epithelial cells- produce milk during lactation

27
Q

Cyclical pain

A

Associated with hormonal changes, ovulation or with oral contraception

Pain severity greater than four out of ten and lasting at least seven days per month

28
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

Caused by: stroma loves edema, Ducati dilation, and inflammation

Most intense week prior and during menses, bilateral and diffuse

29
Q

Mastitis

A

Common in lactating women 1st month after birth

Inflammation, blocked duct, seeded with skin bacteria (usually staph)

**keep breastfeeding!

30
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

Pain and rapidly progressing tender, firm and enlarged breast

Skin over the bresast is warm, thickened, peau d’orange

31
Q

Pendulous breasts

A

Stretch cooper’s ligaments and cause pain

32
Q

Ductal ectasia

A

Distension of subareolar ducts due to inflammation unrelated to infection

Duct wall is penetrated by lipid material, may leave subareolar nodules

33
Q

Fibrocystic breast condition

A

Estrogen is causative, pain or tenderness, serous nipple discharge, masses may fluctuate. 30-50 years old

Aspiration, may need biopsy, avoid trauma

34
Q

Fibroadenoma of the breast

A

Common in young women, solid round rubbery mobile nontender mass

35
Q

Intraductal papilloma

A

Papillary proliferation of the ducal epithelium with partly fills up smaller ducts and can distend them

May harbor atypia or ducal carcinoma in situ- must excise

36
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Rare lesion that is indistinguishable from cancer, trauma is suspected cause

Can resolve spontaneously but excision often required to exclude cancer

37
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign, solitary tumor composed of mature fat cells

Soft, nontender, well circumscribed mass

38
Q

Galactocele

A

Cystic collections of fluid usually from obstructed milk duct

Soft cystic mass, aspiration reveals milky substance

39
Q

Mammary duct ectasia

A

Distension of subareolar ducts with fibrosis and inflammation

Multicolored, sticky nipple discharge, blue mass under nipple due to dark fluid in cyst, fever, local pain, erythema, tenderness

40
Q

Paget carcinoma

A

Itching or burning of the nipple, superficial erosion or ulceration of the skin

Patho (5 decks)

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