Head, Neck and Spine (Part 2) Flashcards
What is the neck?
A tube that connects the head to the trunk (rest of the body)
What are the 3 main functions of the neck?
Structural - supports and moves the head
Visceral functions - contains the airway, oesophagus and some endocrine glands (parts of the respiratory and digestive system)
Conduit (channel) - for blood vessels taken up from the thorax to the head and neck, and nerves taken down from the head and neck to the thorax
What is fascia?
What are the compartments of the neck?
What are the two major types of fascia in the neck?
Fascia - a connective tissue mainly composed of collagen fibers, and it organises the body into different compartments
Compartments of the neck include: vascular (arteries and veins), visceral (e.g. oesophagus, trachea), and muscles / vertebral
Superficial fascia and investing fascia (also known as deep fascia)
Which is the outermost layer of the fascia?
What are the 3 layers of the investing (deep) fascia?
Superficial fascia
Pre-trachial fascia - surrounds some of the visceral components of the neck e.g. components of the digestive and respiratory systems, and some endocrine glands
Carotid sheath - surrounds the blood vessels there, and even a nerve (vasculature)
Pre-vertebral fascia - surrounds the muscles found at the back of the neck
What is contained within the compartment surrounded by the pre-tracheal layer?
What is contained within the compartment surrounded by the carotid sheath layer?
What is a major function of the muscles found within the pre-vertebral layer?
What other major muscles does the investing fascia (blue outline) surround?
Pre-tracheal - trachea (anterior), eosophagus (posterior), thyroid gland (lateral)
Carotid sheath - internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve
Muscles that help move and stabilise the head
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Where are the two triangles of the neck in this diagram and descrive their positioning / borders?
Which muscle divides the neck up into 2 triangles and describe the positioning of the muscle?
Anterior triangle = green: anterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, midline of the neck, and inferior border of the mandible
Posterior triangle = blue: posterior surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle - runs down from the skull to the sternum and clavicle
The anterior triangle of the neck contains which muscles / structures?
Fill in the labels covered in red:
What are the muscles found in the yellow box?
Muscles, including: platysma (superficial muscle not shown in these diagrams), mylohyoid, digastric, infrahyoid (strap) muscles; Blood vessels, including: carotid arteries
Strap muscles - they go between the hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage to the sternum or scapula (shoulder blades)
The posterior triangle contains which structures (3 blood vessels and 4 nerves - and what they innervate)?
Fill in the missing labels on this diagram:
Mainly blood vessels and nerves, including: external jugular vein, sunclavian artery, subclavian vein, trunks of the branchial plexus (nerve that supplies the upper limbs), phrenic nerve (supplies diaphragm), vagus nerve (supplies respiratory, cardiovascular and abdominal structures), spinal accessory nerve (moves a pair of muscles in the neck)
The vagus nerve lies anterior to the phrenic nerve, the external carotid artery is much more superficial than the internal carotid artery
Fill in the labels of the nerves on this diagram:
CN XI - accessory nerve, innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Some sensory nerves supplying the skin at the back of the skull, anterior of the neck, and skin over the lateral side of the neck
What do the internal and external carotid arteries supply?
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid arteries?
Fill in the labels on this diagram:
The common carotid arteries branch directly or indirectly off the aorta
Internal - ascends into the cranial cavity to supply the brain
External - supplies mainly the face
The superior thyroid artery, the ascending pharyngeal artery, the lingual artery, the facial artery, the occipital artery, the posterior auricular artery (supplies the back of the ear and skin at the back of the ear), the superficial temporal artery, and a main branch of the maxillary artery (goes to the cranial cavity to supply the meninges)
The muscles of facial expression can be divided into which 3 groups?
The muscles of facial expression are innervated by which nerve?
Orbital - principally act on the eyelids, contraction of these muscles constrict and close the eyelids
Nasal - principally act on the nose
Oral - principally act on the mouth
(Some additional muscles include the auricle muscles which
CN VII - the facial nerve
Inside which structure does the facial nerve divide / branch and does it innervate this structure too?
What are the names of the 5 main branches of the facial nerve?
Fill in the covered labels on this diagram:
The facial nerve divides up in the parotid gland, although it does not innervate the parotid gland
The temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical branches
Where is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? Between which two bones?
What is the back of the mandible called? What is the bottom of the mandible called? Where do these two meet?
What are the 2 superiorly projecting parts of the mandible?
Fill in the labels on this diagram of the mandible:
Between the mandible and the temporal bone - at the condylar process (which contains a head and neck)
Ramus, Inferior border, angle
Condylar process (which has a head and neck) and the coronoid process
What type of joint is the TMJ and why is the TMJ important?
Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
What are the 4 main movements of the mandible?
Which movements occur whent the jaw is slightly open?
Which movements occur when the jaw is widely open?
Synovial joint - important for opening and closing the jaw for mastication (chewing)
Mandibular branch of CN V (trigeminal nerve)
Protrusion (forwards), retraction (backwards), elevation (upwards) and depression (downwards)
Hinge action predominates
Hinge and gliding action occur
What are the names of the 2 superficial muscles that bring about the movement of the mandible?
Where are the found? How do they move the mandible?
Temporalis and masseter muscles
Temporalis - found on the side of the head, from the temporal fascia and attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible, brings about elevation and retraction of the mandible
Masseter - comes from the zygomatic arch and attaches to the ramus and angle of the mandible, causes elevation of the mandible when the mouth is forcibly closed shut
What are the 2 deeper muscles that move the mandible?
Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
Lateral pterygoid - attaches to the sphenoid bone, pterygoid plate and the mandible, causes depression and protrusion of the mandible to open the mouth
Medial pterygoid - attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate, the maxilla and the palate, and the angle of the mandible, causes elevation, protraction and lateral (side to side) movement of the mandible for mastication / grinding
What are the orbits of the eye and what structures do they contain?
The roof of the orbit is made up of which bone? The floor of the orbit is made up of which bone? The medial and lateral sides of the orbit are made up of which bones?
Label the bones that make up the orbit in the diagram:
Orbits - bilateral structures that contain the eyeballs and the muscles that move the eye, the extraoccular muscles, the optic nerve, and other nerves and vessels
Orbital plate of the frontal bone; orbital plate of the maxilla; ethmoid and lacrimal bones; zygoma