Head/neck Flashcards
situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis
Kartagener syndrome
- primary ciliary dyskinesia, a disorder with a dynein arm defect causing immotile cilia
what side effect do prostaglandin inhibitors have on the iris?
- bimatoprost, latanoprost
hyperpigmentation
- they alter the melanin content in the iris, leading to darkening in eye color
ocular deposition of blood between the sclera and conjunctiva, sparing the area over the cornea
- resolves on its own
- not associated w/ vision changes or pain
subconjunctival hemorrhage
what is the mCC of viral conjunctivitis?
adenovirus
- Inflammation of the fibrous layer underling conjunctiva
- Progressive, boring pain; no pruritus or purulent drainage
- Vision changes including photophobia and blurriness
- Associated with autoimmune diseases and vasculitis
Scleritis
protozoan that infects the nasal cavity and crosses the cribriform plate to infect the central nervous system
Naegleria fowleri
- causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis
second-generation antihistamine that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not cause as much sedation as the first-generation drugs
loratidine aka claritin
- should always be first line tx, NOT diphenhydramine 9d/t sedation SA)
organism that causes lockjaw, stiff neck, trouble swallowing, and paralyzed abdominal muscles
C. tetani
- gram positive, spore forming rod
- exotoxin, called tetanospasmin, causes decreased release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine
External rotation of paired bones (parietal, temporal, frontal), decreased anteroposterior (AP) diameter, eyes set further apart, counternutation of the sacrum
SBS Flexion
Internal rotation of paired bones (parietal, temporal, frontal), increased AP diameter, eyes set closer together, nutation of the sacrum
SBS Extension
t(14:18)?
DLBCL
- BCL2
major side effect seen with sildenafil?
cyanopsia or blue vision
counternutation?
sacral base moves posterior
- SBS flexion
nutation?
sacral base moves anterior
- SBS extension
vault hold finger placement
The index finger (2nd digit) is located on the greater wing of the sphenoid.
The middle finger (3rd digit) is located on the preauricular portion of the temporal bone.
The ring finger (4th digit) is located on the mastoid process.
The little finger (5th digit) is located on the squamous portion of the occiput.
anti-SSA Abs?
anti-Ro, (SSB=La)
- sjogrens
index fingers are moving superiorly and the fifth fingers are moving inferiorly while palpating the cranium with the vault hold
inferior vertical strain
what are two common side effects of amytriptiline?
urinary retention and tachycardia
- blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
- has strong muscarinic blocking properties
meningitis in HIV/AIDS?
cryptococcal meningitis
- tx: amphotericin B
what is the MC affected sinus is children vs adults?
children: ethmoid
adults: maxillary
lateral strabismus (eye drifts laterally), ptosis (drooping superior eyelid), and mydriasis (pupil dilation) - loss of pupillary light reflex in affected eye
occulomotor nerve palsy
Lesion of what nerve will cause medial strabismus (eye drifts medially)
abducens nerve
lesion of what nerve will cause eye drift upwards
trochlear nerve
painless loss of monocular vision with associated pale retina with a cherry-red macula seen on fundoscopic examination
retinal artery occlusion
what is the leading cause of blindness in persons 25-74 years of age in the United States?
diabetic neuropathy
- floaters, blurred vision, and gradual loss of visual acuity
- presence of microaneurysms
what is optin neuritis associated with?
MS
Patients will initially complain of the sensation of a flashing light, floaters, or vision loss
- vision loss may be filmy, cloudy, irregular, or curtain-like
retinal detachment
- Marfan’s syndrome!!
what is the differential diagnoses for a cherry-red macula?
Tay-Sachs disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and central retinal artery occlusion
painless acute onset of blurred vision in one eye
- described as “cloudy vision” rather than an actual visual loss
central retinal vein occlusion
ipsilateral genioglossus muscle is weak, and the protruded tongue deviates toward that weak side
hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve lesion
provides somatosensation and taste for the posterior one third of the tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)
provides somatosensation for the anterior two thirds of the tongue and innervates the muscles of mastication
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
technique is used to enhance the amplitude of the Cranial Rhythmic Impulse (CRI)
CV4
- physician gently follows the motion of extension, while resisting the motion of flexion
- induces parasympathetic activity/improves autonomics
- reduces tension HA, anxiety
what is the most appropriate osteopathic technique for treating isolated somatic dysfunctions at any cranial suture
V-spread technique
antineoplastic that binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation
- disrupts the formation of the mitotic spindle, and causes the cell cycle to arrest at metaphase
- specific for the M and S phases of the cell cycle
Vinblastine
- vinca alkaloid
anthracycline that intercalates between DNA base pairs, impairs topoisomerase II function
- inhibits replication and transcription
- common side effect is cardiotoxicity
Doxorubicin
tapeworm transmitted from eggs found in dog/sheep feces
- is responsible for large, locular cysts found in the liver, lungs, and brain
helminth Echinococcus granulosus
what are the dural attachments?
foramen magnum, C2 (axis), C3, and S2
what is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age is Streptococcus pneumoniae?
- what is the tx?
S. pneumo
- cephalosporin + vancomycin, both of which block the synthesis of peptidoglycan
Dysfunctions of what cranial bone may cause strain on the vestibulocochlear nerve, resulting in tinnitus?
the temporal bone
- can also cause vertigo, motion sickness, nystagmus, and hearing loss
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency?
SCID
