Head Injury

Question 1

GCS score range of a moderate injury

Answer 1

9-12

Question 2

severities of head injuries

Answer 2

mild, moderate and severe

Question 3

eyes 3 on GCS

Answer 3

open to voice

Question 4

motor 2

Answer 4

abnormal extension to pain

Question 5

speech 4

Answer 5

confusion

Question 6

speech 2

Answer 6

groans, noises

Question 7

type of dementia that can result from head trauma

Answer 7

‘punch drunk’ dementia

Question 8

what type of haemorrhage commonly results from a blow to the side of the head

Answer 8

extradural haemorrhage

Question 9

layers of scalp

Answer 9

skin, connective tissue (loose), aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

Question 10

what do you do on autopsy to observe the scalp

Answer 10

shave it

Question 11

most common linear fracture location

Answer 11

temporo-parietal

Question 12

5 types of skull fracture

Answer 12

linear, depressed, comminuted (mosaic), ring and contre-coup

Question 13

what is a contre-coup fracture

Answer 13

a fracture that happens on the opposite site from the impact (e.g. orbital fracture from fall onto back of head)

Question 14

what is a ring fracture

Answer 14

fracture encircling the foramen magnum caused by falling from a great height causing cervical vertebrae and skull base to be forced together

Question 15

what is depressed fracture

Answer 15

focal impact which pushes fragments into meninges, vessels and brain.

Question 16

2 conditions that risk from depression fracture

Answer 16

meningitis, post-traumatic epilepsy

Question 17

what is a diffuse traumatic axonal injury

Answer 17

when severe forces applied to brain tissue cause axonal shearing

Question 18

which parts of the brain are particularly susceptible to traumatic axonal injury

Answer 18

internal capsule, corpus callosum and para-sagittal white matter

maybe cerebellar peduncles

Question 19

how is tDAI diagnosed

Answer 19

by microscopy of the brain tissue

Question 20

which type of amnesia results from tDAI

Answer 20

retrograde

Question 21

main consequence of a haemorrhage

Answer 21

raised ICP

Question 22

most likely artery of extradural haemorrhage

Answer 22

middle meningeal artery

Question 23

which veins bleed in a subdural haemorrhage

Answer 23

bridging veins

Question 24

true/false - subdural haemorrhage occurs with a fracture

Answer 24

false - often with no fracture

Question 25

a chronic subdural haemorrhage can be mistaken for _____

Answer 25

dementia, it causes chronic confusion

Question 26

most common cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 26

rupture of a cerebral artery

Question 27

what movement causes vertebro-basilar circulation to be ruptured

Answer 27

force to upper side of neck giving abrupt rotational movement

Question 28

condition that arises from a vertebro-basilar rupture

Answer 28

traumatic basal SAH