HEAD, FACE, NECK, AND TMJ Flashcards
LAYERS OF THE SCALP
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Connective Tissue
Pericranium
- Epidermis & dermis
- has hair follicles & sebaceous glands
SKIN
conserves heat and gives aesthetic purposes
HAIR FOLLICLES
- adipose tissue fat
- houses terminal ends of cutaneous nerves and blood vessels
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
attaches the frontalis muscle and occipital muscle
Galea Aponeurotica
Scalp Proper
- Skin
- Connective Tissue
- Aponeurosis
keeps the skin and connective tissue close together
Aponeurosis
if there is a laceration in the galea aponeurotica, frontalis and occipitalis muscle will contract in ______ direction.
OPPOSITE
Where puss and blood infection can spread all across the scalp
Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)
Danger Area of the scalp
- 4th layer or LCT
Infection that can be caused by infection route from the LCT through the emissary veins to the cranial cavity
Meningitis
Outside of the skull bones
Pericranium or Periosteum
Innervation of Posterior Scalp
Greater & Lesser Occipital nerve
Associate with cerebral plexus
Lesser Occipital Nerve
Greater Occipital Nerve
Dorsal Ramus
Lesser Occipital Nerve
Ventral Ramus
Innervation of Anterior Scalp
- Supraorbital
- Supratrochlear
Gives rise to many branch of nerve like supraorbital and supratrochlear nerve.
Opthalmic Nerve or CN V-1 of Trigeminal Nerve
Innervation of the Lateral Scalp
- Zygomaticotemporal (CN-V2)
- larger Auriculotemporal (CN V-3) of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Vascular Supply of the scalp comes from
- Internal & external carotid artery
3 Arterial Supply from - EXTERNAL CAROTID
- Occipital Artery
- Posterior Auricular Artery
- Superficial temporal Artery
Artery that overline the occipital bone
Occipital Artery
Artery behind the ear
Posterior Auricular Artery
Superficial Artery that lines the temporal bone
Superficial Temporal Artery
Most common large vessel vasculitis, primarily affecting the cranial arteries and aorta.. superficial temporal artery
Giant Cell (temporal) Arteritis
Internal Carotid Artery gives rise to (2)
Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Artery
Connection between adjacent structures (arteries)
Anastomosis
Because of this, there is a rich blood supply to the scalp which make it easy for the scalp to give off heat
Anastomotic Connection
Scalp nerves comes from
- C2 spinal nerve
- trigeminal nerve CN V1, V2, V3
Muscles that attach DEEP into the surface of the skin so when the muscle contracts, the skin moves.
Muscles of Facial Expression
7 MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
- Frontalis
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Nasalis
- Zygomaticus
- Buccinator
- Orbicularis Oris
- Platysma
Wrinkle forehead
Frontalis (right along the frontal bone)
- closes eye
- winking
Orbicularis Oculi
- spinchter muscle
- circular
- part of the eyelid
Orbicularis Oculi
Flare the nostrils
Nasalis (located along the nasal bone)
Smiling Muscle
Zygomaticus Muscle (attach along the zygomatic bone)
- has a major and minor
- inserts on the corner of the mouth
- drives the corner of the mouth UP
Zygomaticus Muscle
Tenses Cheek
Buccinator Muscle
- located around the internal surface of the mouth
- trumpeter muscle
- gives off a pouty look
Buccinator Muscle
Closes mouth or pucker lips
Orbicularis Oris
- circular muscle that surrounds the mouth
Orbicularis Oris
used for kissing, whistling , and chewing
Orbicularis Oris
Tenses the skin of the neck
Platysma
Hole
Foramen
- entry and exit gateways through bones of skull
- allows various structures to pass through them
Foramen
Different shape of hole, looks like a crack or cleft
Fissures
Typically occur between seperate anatomical structures
Fissures
Long and narrow
Fissures
Smaller and round
Foramen
Anterior Cranial Fossa Bones (3)
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
Middle Cranial Fossa Bones (3)
- Sphenoid
- Temporal
- Parietal
Posterior Cranial Fossa Bones (4)
- Occipital
- Temporal
smaller extent of - Sphenoid
- Paritetal
Two foramina of anterior cranial fossa
- foramen caecum
- olfactory foramina
- most anterior
- lies in the frontal bone
- just anterior to the ethmoid bone
- allows passageway of emissary veins
Foramen Caecum
- make up an important pathway of the olfactory nerve (CN 1)
- nerve endings on top of our nose responsible for our sense of smell pass through these holes in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
Olfactory Foramina
FORAMEN & FISSURES OF THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA (7)
- Optic Canal
- Superior Orbital Fissure
- F. Rotundum
- F. Ovale
- F. Spinosum
- F. Lacerum
- Carotid Canal
Two important structures that optic canal allows to pass to and from the eye
- Opthalmic artery
- Optic Nerve
Supplies blood to the retina of the eye
Opthalmic Artery
Sends visual information from the eye to the brain to be interpreted
Optic nerve with its Dural sheath
- looks like a CRACK in the middle cranial fossa
- lies between the lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Superior orbital fissure
Superior Orbital Fissure allows the following (6)
- Oculomotor (CN III) 4/6
- Trochlear nerve (CN IV) 1
- Abducens (CN VI) 1
- Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
- Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V-1)
- Opthalmic veins
- allows the MAXILLARY nerve (CN V2) to enter the skull
- posterior to the optic canal and SOF
Foramen Rotumdum
- oval shaped hole
- posterior and lateral to the foramen rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Ovale allows passage of the following (MALE)
- Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
- Lesser petrosal nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal)
- Accesory Meningeal branch of maxillary artery
- Emissary Veins
Smallest and most lateral found in the MCF
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Spinosum allows what artery to enter the skull
Middle Meningeal Artery
- branch of external carotid artery
- supplies blood to the dura mater
Midde Meningeal Artery
- mostly filled with cartilage
- allow passage of greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve)
- innervation to glands above the mouth
- ex: lacrimal gland near the eye for tear production
Foramen Lacerum
Allows Internal Carotid Artery to enter the skull
Carotid Canal
one of the major blood supplier of the brain
Internal Carotid Artery
