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ANP > CARDIOVASCULAR > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

1
Q

“essence of life”

A

blood

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2
Q

performs many functions essential to life

A

blood

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3
Q

______ pumps blood through blood vessels that extend throughout the body

A

heart

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4
Q

Blood helps maintain _________ in several ways

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

Blood helps maintain homeostasis in SEVERAL ways:

A
  1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. Transport of processed molecules
  3. Transport of regulatory molecules
  4. Regulation of pH and osmosis.
  5. Maintenance of body temperature
  6. Protection against foreign substances
  7. Clot formation
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6
Q

(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)

Blood acts as a _____ ________ __________ in the body due to the MANY SUBSTANCES that move into and out of the blood

A

major transport medium

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7
Q

(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)

Substances can enter the blood in ____ ______ of the body, flow through ______ _________, and eventually leave the blood in a _______ ________ of the body.

A

one area; blood vessels, different area

Substances can enter the blood in one area of the body, flow through blood vessels, and eventually leave the blood in a different area of the body.

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8
Q

(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)

OXYGEN enters the blood in the ____ and is carried to ____.

A

lungs; cells

Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and is carried to cells.

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9
Q

(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)

_____ ________, produced by cells, is carried in the blood to the lungs, from which it is expelled.

A

CARBON DIOXIDE

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10
Q

(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)

The blood transports ingested nutrients, ions, and water from the ______ ______ to _____, and the blood transports the _____ products of the cells to the _______ for elimination.

A

digestive tract; cells; waste; kidneys

The blood transports ingested nutrients, ions, and water from the digestive tract to cells, and the blood transports the waste products of the cells to the kidneys for elimination.

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11
Q

Many substances must be processed at multiple sites in the body. A substance may be produced in one organ or tissue, enter the blood and move to a new location where it is modified.

A

Transport of processed molecules

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12
Q

The blood carries many of the hormones and enzymes that regulate body processes from one part of the body to another.

A

Transport of regulatory molecules

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13
Q

(Regulation of pH and osmosis)

_____, which help keep the blood’s pH within its normal limits of 7.35–7.45, are found in the blood. The _____ composition of blood is also critical for maintaining normal fluid and ion balance.

A

buffers; osmotic

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14
Q

(Maintenance of body temperature)

As blood flows through areas of the body that are _________ active, the ____ generated by metabolism _____ the blood. Warm blood is transported from the ______ of the body to the ______, where heat is released from the
blood.

A

metabolically; heat; warms; interior; surface

As blood flows through areas of the body that are metabolically active, the heat generated by metabolism warms the blood. Warm blood is transported from the interior of the body to the surface, where heat is released from the
blood.

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15
Q

Certain cells and chemicals in the blood constitute an important part of the immune system, protecting against pathogens, such as certain microorganisms, as well as some toxins.

A

Protection against foreign substances

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16
Q

When blood vessels are damaged, blood clotting protects against excessive blood loss. When tissues are damaged, the blood clot that forms is also the first step in tissue repair and the restoration of normal function.

A

Clot formation

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17
Q

Blood is a type of _________ tissue that consists of a _______ _______ containing cells and cell fragments.

A

connective; liquid matrix

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18
Q

liquid matrix

A

plasma

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19
Q

cells and cell fragments

A

formed elements

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20
Q

The plasma accounts for slightly more than half (__%) of the total blood volume, and the formed elements account for slightly less than half (__%).

A

plasma: 55%
formed elements: 45%

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21
Q

The total blood volume is about __-__ liters (L) in the average adult female and __-__ L in the average adult male.

A

adult female: 4-5 L
adult male: 5-6 L

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22
Q

Blood makes up about __% of total body weight.

A

8%

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23
Q

is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances

A

Plasma

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24
Q

plasma contains ____ proteins

A

dissolved

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25
Q

Plasma proteins include

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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26
Q

makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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27
Q

account for 38% of the plasma proteins

A

globulins

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28
Q

some globulins are _____ factors

A

clotting

29
Q

is also a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins.

A

Fibrinogen

30
Q

a threadlike protein that forms blood clots

A

fibrin

31
Q

plasma without clotting factors

A

serum

32
Q

Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components

A

water

33
Q

Maintain osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies and complement), transport molecules (albumin and globulins), and form clots (fibrinogen)

A

Proteins

34
Q

Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body functions (hormones)

A

Regulatory substances

34
Q

Involved in osmotic pressure (Na+ and Cl-), membrane potentials
(Na+ and K+), and acid-base balance (hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions)

A

Ions

34
Q

Breakdown products of protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts) and red blood cells (bilirubin)

A

Waste Products

34
Q

Involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

A

Gases

35
Q

Source of energy and “building blocks” of more complex molecules (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)

A

Nutrients

35
Q

Important blood gases

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

36
Q

formed elements include

A
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • platelets
36
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBCs

37
Q

the most abundant of the formed elements (95%)

A

RBCs

38
Q

remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements

A

WBCs and platelets

39
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs

40
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets

40
Q

Red blood cells are ___ times more numerous than white blood cells and __ times more numerous than platelets.

A

700; 17

41
Q

Biconcave disk; no nucleus;
contains hemoglobin, which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 μm in diameter

A

RBC

42
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transports O2 and CO2

43
Q

Spherical cells with a nucleus

A

WBC

44
Q

Nucleus with two to four
lobes connected by thin filaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple; 10– 12 μm in diameter

A

Neutrophil

45
Q

function of neutrophil

A

Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

46
Q

Nucleus with two
indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic granules stain blue- purple; 10– 12 μm in diameter

A

Basophil

47
Q

function of basophil

A

Releases histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin, which prevents clot formation

48
Q

promotes inflammation

A

histamine

49
Q

promotes clot formation

A

heparin

50
Q

Nucleus often bilobed;
cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter

A

Eosinophil

51
Q

function of eosinophil

A

Participates in inflammatory
response of allergic reactions and asthma; attacks certain worm parasites

52
Q

Round nucleus; cytoplasm
forms a thin ring around the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter

A

Lymphocyte

53
Q

3 Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
54
Q

Agranulocytes (2)

A
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
55
Q

Function of lymphocyte

A

produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

56
Q

Nucleus round, kidney-
shaped, or horseshoe- shaped; contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte; 12–20 μm in diameter

A

Monocyte

57
Q

Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and become a macrophage

A

Monocyte

58
Q

phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues

A

Macrophages

59
Q

Cell fragment surrounded
by a cell membrane and containing granules; 2–4 μm in diameter

A

Platelets

60
Q

Forms platelet plugs; releases
chemicals necessary for blood clotting

A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

ANP (5 decks)

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