CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards
“essence of life”
blood
performs many functions essential to life
blood
______ pumps blood through blood vessels that extend throughout the body
heart
Blood helps maintain _________ in several ways
homeostasis
Blood helps maintain homeostasis in SEVERAL ways:
- Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
- Transport of processed molecules
- Transport of regulatory molecules
- Regulation of pH and osmosis.
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Protection against foreign substances
- Clot formation
(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)
Blood acts as a _____ ________ __________ in the body due to the MANY SUBSTANCES that move into and out of the blood
major transport medium
(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)
Substances can enter the blood in ____ ______ of the body, flow through ______ _________, and eventually leave the blood in a _______ ________ of the body.
one area; blood vessels, different area
Substances can enter the blood in one area of the body, flow through blood vessels, and eventually leave the blood in a different area of the body.
(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)
OXYGEN enters the blood in the ____ and is carried to ____.
lungs; cells
Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and is carried to cells.
(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)
_____ ________, produced by cells, is carried in the blood to the lungs, from which it is expelled.
CARBON DIOXIDE
(transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products)
The blood transports ingested nutrients, ions, and water from the ______ ______ to _____, and the blood transports the _____ products of the cells to the _______ for elimination.
digestive tract; cells; waste; kidneys
The blood transports ingested nutrients, ions, and water from the digestive tract to cells, and the blood transports the waste products of the cells to the kidneys for elimination.
Many substances must be processed at multiple sites in the body. A substance may be produced in one organ or tissue, enter the blood and move to a new location where it is modified.
Transport of processed molecules
The blood carries many of the hormones and enzymes that regulate body processes from one part of the body to another.
Transport of regulatory molecules
(Regulation of pH and osmosis)
_____, which help keep the blood’s pH within its normal limits of 7.35–7.45, are found in the blood. The _____ composition of blood is also critical for maintaining normal fluid and ion balance.
buffers; osmotic
(Maintenance of body temperature)
As blood flows through areas of the body that are _________ active, the ____ generated by metabolism _____ the blood. Warm blood is transported from the ______ of the body to the ______, where heat is released from the
blood.
metabolically; heat; warms; interior; surface
As blood flows through areas of the body that are metabolically active, the heat generated by metabolism warms the blood. Warm blood is transported from the interior of the body to the surface, where heat is released from the
blood.
Certain cells and chemicals in the blood constitute an important part of the immune system, protecting against pathogens, such as certain microorganisms, as well as some toxins.
Protection against foreign substances
When blood vessels are damaged, blood clotting protects against excessive blood loss. When tissues are damaged, the blood clot that forms is also the first step in tissue repair and the restoration of normal function.
Clot formation
Blood is a type of _________ tissue that consists of a _______ _______ containing cells and cell fragments.
connective; liquid matrix
liquid matrix
plasma
cells and cell fragments
formed elements
The plasma accounts for slightly more than half (__%) of the total blood volume, and the formed elements account for slightly less than half (__%).
plasma: 55%
formed elements: 45%
The total blood volume is about __-__ liters (L) in the average adult female and __-__ L in the average adult male.
adult female: 4-5 L
adult male: 5-6 L
Blood makes up about __% of total body weight.
8%
is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
Plasma
plasma contains ____ proteins
dissolved
Plasma proteins include
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
Albumin
account for 38% of the plasma proteins
globulins
some globulins are _____ factors
clotting
is also a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins.
Fibrinogen
a threadlike protein that forms blood clots
fibrin
plasma without clotting factors
serum
Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
water
Maintain osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies and complement), transport molecules (albumin and globulins), and form clots (fibrinogen)
Proteins
Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body functions (hormones)
Regulatory substances
Involved in osmotic pressure (Na+ and Cl-), membrane potentials
(Na+ and K+), and acid-base balance (hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions)
Ions
Breakdown products of protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts) and red blood cells (bilirubin)
Waste Products
Involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Gases
Source of energy and “building blocks” of more complex molecules (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
Nutrients
Important blood gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide
formed elements include
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
erythrocytes
RBCs
the most abundant of the formed elements (95%)
RBCs
remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements
WBCs and platelets
Leukocytes
WBCs
Thrombocytes
platelets
Red blood cells are ___ times more numerous than white blood cells and __ times more numerous than platelets.
700; 17
Biconcave disk; no nucleus;
contains hemoglobin, which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 μm in diameter
RBC
Function of RBC
Transports O2 and CO2
Spherical cells with a nucleus
WBC
Nucleus with two to four
lobes connected by thin filaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple; 10– 12 μm in diameter
Neutrophil
function of neutrophil
Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
Nucleus with two
indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic granules stain blue- purple; 10– 12 μm in diameter
Basophil
function of basophil
Releases histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin, which prevents clot formation
promotes inflammation
histamine
promotes clot formation
heparin
Nucleus often bilobed;
cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter
Eosinophil
function of eosinophil
Participates in inflammatory
response of allergic reactions and asthma; attacks certain worm parasites
Round nucleus; cytoplasm
forms a thin ring around the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter
Lymphocyte
3 Granulocytes
- Neutrophil
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
Agranulocytes (2)
- Lymphocyte
- Monocyte
Function of lymphocyte
produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
Nucleus round, kidney-
shaped, or horseshoe- shaped; contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte; 12–20 μm in diameter
Monocyte
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and become a macrophage
Monocyte
phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues
Macrophages
Cell fragment surrounded
by a cell membrane and containing granules; 2–4 μm in diameter
Platelets
Forms platelet plugs; releases
chemicals necessary for blood clotting
