Head and vertebral column

Question 1

What are some functions of the skull?

Answer 1

• Provides a protecting cavity for CNS – brain
• Provides insertion surfaces for facial & chewing muscles
• Establishes oral & nasal cavity
• Forms the jaws and provides space for the teeth
• Forms spaces for sensory organs:
  Eye, olfactory epithelium, tongue, outer, middle and inner ear

Question 2

What are the 2 types of bones forming the skull?

Answer 2

• Membranous bones are forming the roof of the cranium.

- Primordial bones (replacing cartilage) are forming the base of the skull.

Question 3

What are the 7 bones of the neurocranium?

Answer 3

• Frontal bone( hollow)
• Parietal bone
• Interparietal bone
• Temporal bone ( petrosal part, squamous part and tympanic part)
• Ethmoid bone
• Occipital bone
• Sphenoid bone

Question 4

Which 4 bones from the neurocranium form the nasal cavity?

Answer 4

• Frontal bone
• Parietal bone
• Interparietal bone
• Ethmoidal bone

Question 5

What are the 8 bones of the face?

Answer 5

Maxilla- join onto teeth
Incisive- joins onto incisors
Palatine bone- joins to palate
Vomer- forms line between the nasal cavity
Zygomatic bone- forms Z arch, formed by temporal bone
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Pterygoid bone

Question 6

What are the 3 synovial joints of the skull?

Answer 6

1. temporo-mandibular joint- between condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone.
2. Hyoid bone (apparatus)- connection between temporal bone and tympanohyoid.
3. Atlantooccipital joint- between occipital bone condyles (arrows) and Atlas (first cervical vertebra.)

Question 7

What are some functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 7

1. Protection of the spinal cord & the roots of the spinal nerves.
2. Weight bearing & insertion for muscles.
3. Mobility, flexibility & locomotion.

Question 8

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 8

1) Cervical
2) Thoracic- have smooth articular surfaces where ribs attach.
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal

Question 9

Where is the Atlanto-occipital joint: Ellipsoid joint?

Answer 9

• Between condyles of occipital bone and cranial articular fovea of atlas.
• The YES joint

Question 10

Where is the Atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 10

• Between C1 and C2

- The NO joint

Question 11

What are the most common problems in the:

• Cervical spine
• Thoracic spine
• Lumbar spine?

Answer 11

C spine – Wobblers syndrome
T spine – Kissing spines
L spine – Intervertebral disc prolapse

Question 12

What are the 6 muscle groups of the head?

Answer 12

- Superficial & deep facial muscles:
muscles of facial expression
- Mandibular muscles:
superficial & deep muscles of mastication
superficial muscles of the throat
- Pharyngeal muscles
- Laryngeal muscles
- Muscles of the eyeball
- Muscles of the tongue

Question 13

Which muscles are in between the:

1) Spinous processes?
2) Transverse processes?
3) Vertebral arches?

Answer 13

1) Interspinous
2) Intertransverse
3) Interarcuate/flavum

Question 14

What are the 3 muscle groups of the vertebral column?

Answer 14

• Dorsal vertebral muscles (epaxial)
• Ventral vertebral muscles (hypaxial)
• Dorsal muscles of the atlanto-occiptital & atlanto-axial joints

Question 15

What are the proper phrases for dorsal extension and flexion?

Answer 15

Extension- Lordosis

Flexion- Kyphosis