Forelimb Week Flashcards
What are some evolutionary adaptions for cats?
- Evolved from a territorial, solitary hunting cat.
- Ability to survive dry conditions by water retention/urine concentration.
- Obligate carnivore
- Ability to locate small prey -senses/hunting at dusk/dawn/night.
- Ability to stalk prey- posture, soft footed, controlled musculoskeletal movements.
- Ability to catch prey – jumping, standing start to fast running, ability to turn quickly, flexibility (strap-like muscles and looser connective tissue ), claws.
- Equipped to kill prey with their claws and jaws.
- Equipped to defend territory by marking, signalling and fighting.
What are some evolutionary adaptions for dogs?
- Evolved from dogs living in social groups that hunt in packs
- Ability to survive adverse conditions, hot and cold.
- Anatomically carnivore but actually omnivore.
- Ability to locate prey - senses/Hunting at dusk/dawn/night.
- Ability to stalk prey- posture, soft footed, controlled musculoskeletal movements.
- Ability to catch prey – working as a team: sharing of hunting, standing start to fast running, ability to turn quickly, “run to fatigue” hunting strategy.
- Equipped to kill prey, strong jaws/teeth.
What are some cat MSK adaptions for function?
- Muscle – fast twitch Type II fibres for speed, anaerobic. Type IIa mixed Type IIb fastest.
- Laxity/flexibility in joints for posture and manoeuvrability due to higher elastin content.
- Relatively light body frame – wider medullary cavities and thinner cortices in long bones, flat bones eg scapula, pelvis.
- Long limbs creating leverage for jumping, more cylindrical in shape than dog (minor differences between breeds).
- Tail for balance.
- Flexible neck for wide range vision.
- Muscles to ears to locate sounds.
- Retractable claws to secure prey.
- Greater range movement in spine and shoulder than dog.
- Vertebrae long and slender compared to dogs, and scapula is broader and shorter.
- Weight-bearing during walking more evenly shared front and back limbs compared to dogs.
- Antebrachium range of pronation 45-55 degrees.
- Masseter muscle “strongest” in body depending on definition (Type IIM fibres).
What are some dog MSK adaptions for function?
- Muscle – fast twitch fibres for speed/ slow twitch for endurance – mixed fibre Type IID has both IIA and IIX features.
- Rely more on fat stores than glycogen for muscle energy.
- Laxity/flexibility in joints for posture and manoeuvrability.
- Relatively light body frame.
- Long limbs – leverage for jumping.
- Tail for balance.
- Flexible neck for wide range vision.
- Muscles to ears to locate sounds.
- Chondrodysplasia - dwarfism
- Hypochondroplasia - Corgi
What are some predisposing/complicating factors for MSK diseases in cats?
- Lifestyle – climbers (falls, entanglement), fighting, sleeping under cars (fan belt injuries), running across roads (cauda equina syndrome).
- Diet – Excess/Insufficient nutrient intake –especially all meat diet causing nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and fractures; ventroflexion of neck with thiamine deficiency; multiple exostoses in hypervitaminosis A.
- Obesity.
- Trauma – RTAs especially.
- Ageing changes.
- Metabolic problems – neck ventroflexion in hypokalaemia.
What are some predisposing/complicating factors for MSK diseases in Dogs?
- Size/weight – biomechanical forces.
- Genetic conformation –especially at extremes.
- Activity – high impact/ biomechanical forces.
- Diet – Excess/Insufficient nutrient intake.
- Obesity.
- Trauma.
- Ageing changes.
What are some common MSK diseases related to a cats anatomy?
- High rise syndrome (NOT DISEASE) Muscle: - Traumatic injuries. - Cat bites – cellulitis/abscess/osteomyelitis. Joints: - Trauma – disruption. - Developmental – rare. Bones: Trauma – RTAs - Cauda equina syndrome. - Fractured pelvis/limbs - Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism if fed an all meat ration. - Congenital luxated patella and pectus excavatum due to taurine deficiency.
What are some features of the bird skeleton, pneumatised bones, medullary bones and red muscle?
Skeleton:
- Light, compact and strong
- Higher in calcium phosphate than mammalian skeletons
Pneumatised bones:
- Humerus, thoracic girdle and certain ribs (at the expense of bone marrow)
- Air sac diverticula extend into medullary cavity foramina
- Nasal or tympanic cavity create pneumatised spaces in skull
- Better fliers have more extensive pneumatisation
Medullary bone:
- A liable calcium reserve drawn on for egg shell production
- Induced by oestrogens and androgens during reproductive phase
Red muscle:
- High levels of myoglobin, mitochondria and lipid globules
- Fat is the energy source
Name 7 leg conditions of the bird
Tibial dyschondroplasia - the zone of hypertrophied cartilage cells in the proximal end of the tibiotarsal bone fails to become calcified because its blood supply is absent.
Rickets - this is an osteodystrophy due to a lack of vitamin D3 or a Ca/P imbalance resulting in a lack of mineralisation. Long bones are soft and pliable and there may also be rickets rosaries.
Chondrodystrophy -insufficient bones are produced at the cartilaginous growth zone resulting in short bowed bones. Appositional growth is normal, therefore joints can appear swollen. It may be a precursor to slipped tendons. Aetiology maybe nutritional or secondary following a congenital infection.
Twisted leg -probably a genetic lateral rotation of the distal leg
Hock walking - Over heavy birds with collapsed metatarsus
Osteoporosis - old-layers/calcium deficient therefore prone to pathological fractures
Femoral head necrosis - fast growing birds with a Staphylococci hip infection
Describe the structure of the wing
The wing is made up of the humerus, ulna, radius, manus (semi-fused 3 fingered hand), consisting of the carpal bones, the carpometacarpus and digits. The humerus has a large pneumatic foramen through which the lateral diverticulum of the clavicular air sac enters the medullary cavity. The radius and ulna are bowed apart to aid in the forces of flight. The ulna has primary flight feathers attached.
- Humerus is elevated by the supracoracoideus muscle.
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